Kairomones - important substances in interspecific communication in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

Interspecies chemical communication is widespread among many groups of organisms, including vertebrates. Kairomones belong to a group of intensively researched substances, represent means for interspecific chemical communication in animals and bring benefit to the acceptor of the chemical signal. Important and often studied is the chemical communication between hosts and their ectoparasites such as ticks and other parasitic mite species. Uric acid is a host stimulus of the kairomone type, which is a product of bird metabolism, or secretions of blood-fed (ingested) ticks. Secretion of volatile substances with kairomone effect may depend on the health of the host organism. Another examined group is the haematophagous ectoparasite insects of the order Diptera, where in addition to the attractiveness of CO<sub>2</sub> a number of other attractants have been described. Specificity of substances in chemical communication can also be determined by their enantiomers. Detailed study of the biology of these ectoparasites is very important from a practical point of view: these parasites play an important role as vectors in a number of infectious diseases. Another area of interspecific chemical communication is the predator-prey relationship, or rather the ability to detect the proximity of predator and induce anti-predator behaviour in the prey. This relationship has been demonstrated in aquatic vertebrates (otter Lutra lutra – salmon Salmo salar) as well as in rodents and their predators. The substances produced by carnivores that induce behavioural response in mice have already been identified. The knowledge of interspecies communication (e.g., between host and parasite) is becoming a prerequisite in successful animal breeding and care.

The olfactory hole-board test in rats: a new paradigm to study aversion and preferences to odors

“…Thus, pheromones have been highly associated with the mediation of, e.g., mate choice, parental care and territorial behaviors ( Brennan and Kendrick, 2006 ; Fortes-Marco et al, 2013 ). Predator odors present a different group of biologically relevant odors called kairomones ( Fortes-Marco et al, 2013 ; Rajchard, 2013 ). Kairomones are odors that damage the interests of the releaser while being beneficial for the receiving animal (of another species).…”