Kainic Acid and Formoguanamine Effects on Environmentally-Induced Eye Lesions in Chicks

Lauber, Jean K.; Oishi, Tadashi

doi:10.1089/jop.1990.6.151

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Thus, in chickens, anterior chamber depth and corneal radius of curvature are controlled by pineal-derived melatonin 91, 92. The effects of constant light on the eye persist even after complete elimination of all neural signals from the retina,93–95 but are eliminated by using hoods to shield pineal gland from extraocular light 91, 96. Conversely, extraocular light does not influence plasma melatonin levels or entrain circadian clock in mammals 86, 87, 97…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mouse Experimental Myopia Has Features of Primate Myopia

Tkatchenko

Shen

2010

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

106

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PURPOSE Several recent studies have suggested that experimental myopia can be induced in mice. However, it is not clear what role the photopic visual input plays in this process and whether mouse myopia is similar to human myopia. The purpose of this study was to carry out an in vivo high-resolution analysis of changes in ocular components and refractive state of the eye upon induction of experimental myopia in mice. METHODS A high-resolution small animal 4.7T Bruker Avance MRI System and a high-resolution automated eccentric infrared photorefractor were used to analyze changes of the refractive state and ocular components in C57BL/6J mice associated with experimental myopia induced by diffusers and −25 D lenses under photopic conditions. RESULTS We found that both diffusers and −25 D lenses induce myopia in C57BL/6J mice under photopic conditions (continuous light, 200 ± 15 lux). The extent of myopic shift induced by −25 D lenses was greater compared to the shift induced by diffusers (−15.2 ± 0.7 D, lenses ; −12.0 ± 1.4 D, diffusers). Myopia in mice is attributed to an increase in size of the postequatorial segment of the eye. Experimental myopia in mice can be induced only during the susceptible period in postnatal development, which ends around P67. CONCLUSIONS Both diffusers and spectacle lenses induce myopia in mice under photopic conditions, during the susceptible period in postnatal development. Myopia in mice is associated with elongation of the vitreous chamber of the eye, as in humans and non-human primates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mouse Experimental Myopia Has Features of Primate Myopia

Tkatchenko

Shen

2010

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

106

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“…The circadian regulatory system in chicks is highly developed and possesses a number of differences from that of mammals,91–94 which may make refractive development of the chick eye more sensitive to changes in light cycle, such as constant light 95–99. For more on light cycles and circadian rhythms see Section 4 below.…”

Section: Animal Models Commonly Used In Studies Of Emmetropizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this respect, several manipulations have been shown to decouple anterior and posterior chamber alterations. For example, administration of a variety of neurotoxins can produce contrasting anterior and posterior segment changes 97,287–289. However, this effect might be specific to birds reared under constant light (see Section 4.1).…”

Section: Visual Regulation Of Eye Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Production of melatonin by the pineal gland in birds can be controlled directly by the endogenous pineal gland pacemaker that can be entrained and activated by the environmental light in the absence of retinal input 450–452. The anterior chamber depth and corneal radius of curvature in the chick appear to be controlled by the pineal gland–derived melatonin98 and is apparently vision-independent, because eliminating retinal input does not prevent characteristic ocular changes in the chicks reared in constant light 96,97. It is known that the pineal gland–mediated extraocular mechanism is critical for the regulation of the anterior chamber growth in chicks because hoods, which shield the pineal gland from extraocular light, prevent the anterior segment changes in chicks reared in constant light 98.…”

Section: Effects Of Ocular Circadian Rhythms and Light On Eye Growmentioning

confidence: 99%

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IMI – Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia

Troilo

Smith

Nickla

et al. 2019

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

287

279

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The results of many studies in a variety of species have significantly advanced our understanding of the role of visual experience and the mechanisms of postnatal eye growth, and the development of myopia. This paper surveys and reviews the major contributions that experimental studies using animal models have made to our thinking about emmetropization and development of myopia. These studies established important concepts informing our knowledge of the visual regulation of eye growth and refractive development and have transformed treatment strategies for myopia. Several major findings have come from studies of experimental animal models. These include the eye's ability to detect the sign of retinal defocus and undergo compensatory growth, the local retinal control of eye growth, regulatory changes in choroidal thickness, and the identification of components in the biochemistry of eye growth leading to the characterization of signal cascades regulating eye growth and refractive state. Several of these findings provided the proofs of concepts that form the scientific basis of new and effective clinical treatments for controlling myopia progression in humans. Experimental animal models continue to provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of eye growth control, including the identification of potential new targets for drug development and future treatments needed to stem the increasing prevalence of myopia and the vision-threatening conditions associated with this disease.

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“…The anterior chamber depth and corneal radius of curvature in the chicken are controlled by the PG-derived melatonin (Li and Howland, 1999, 2000a). This occurs via vision-independent mechanism because even complete elimination of all neural signals from the retina does not prevent characteristic ocular changes in the chicks reared in constant light (Lauber and Oishi, 1989, 1990; Li and Howland, 2000b). It is known that the PG-mediated extraocular mechanism is critical for the regulation of the anterior chamber growth in chickens because hoods, which shield PG from extraocular light, prevent the anterior segment changes in chicks reared in constant light (Li and Howland, 2000a, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photopic visual input is necessary for emmetropization in mice

Tkatchenko

Shen

Braun

et al. 2013

Experimental Eye Research

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It was recently demonstrated that refractive errors in mice stabilize around emmetropic values during early postnatal development, and that they develop experimental myopia in response to both visual form deprivation and imposed optical defocus similar to other vertebrate species. Animal studies also suggest that photopic vision plays critical role in emmetropization in diurnal species; however, it is unknown whether refractive eye development is guided by photopic vision in the mouse, which is a nocturnal species. We used an infrared mouse photorefractor and a high-resolution MRI to clarify the role of photopic visual input in refractive eye development in the mouse. Refractive eye development and form-deprivation myopia in P21-P89 C57BL/6J mice were analyzed under 12:12 h light-dark cycle, constant light and constant darkness regimens. Animals in all experimental groups were myopic at P21 (-13.2 ± 1.6 D, light-dark cycle; -12.5 ± 0.9 D, constant light; -12.5 ± 2.0 D, constant dark). The mean refractive error in the light-dark-cycle-reared animals was -0.5 ± 1.3 D at P32 and, and did not change significantly until P40 (+0.3 ± 0.6 D, P40). Animals in this group became progressively hyperopic between P40 and P89 (+2.2 ± 0.6, P67; +3.7 ± 2.0, P89). The mean refractive error in the constant-light-reared mice was -1.0 ± 0.7 D at P32 and remained stable until P89 (+0.1 ± 0.6, P40; +0.3 ± 0.6, P67; 0.0 ± 0.4, P89). Dark-reared animals exhibited highly hyperopic refractive errors at P32 (+5.2 ± 1.8) and became progressively more hyperopic with age (+8.7 ± 1.9, P40; +11.2 ± 1.4, P67). MRI analysis revealed that emmetropization in the P40-P89 constant-light-reared animals was associated with larger eyes, a longer axial length and a larger vitreous chamber compared to the light-dark-cycle-reared mice. Constant-light-reared mice also developed 4 times higher degrees of form-deprivation myopia on average compared to light-dark-cycle-reared animals (-12.0 ± 1.4, constant light; -2.7 ± 0.7, light-dark cycle). Dark-rearing completely prevented the development of form-deprivation myopia (-0.3 ± 0.5). Thus, photopic vision plays important role in normal refractive eye development and ocular response to visual form deprivation in the mouse.

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Kainic Acid and Formoguanamine Effects on Environmentally-Induced Eye Lesions in Chicks

Cited by 18 publications

References 7 publications

Mouse Experimental Myopia Has Features of Primate Myopia

Mouse Experimental Myopia Has Features of Primate Myopia

IMI – Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia

Photopic visual input is necessary for emmetropization in mice

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