Kai 1 and Kai 2: Characterization of these dog erythrocyte antigens by monoclonal antibodies

Abstract

Dog Erythrocyte Antigens (DEA) have thus far been found by sensitizing dogs with canine allogeneic blood and are clinically important regarding blood transfusion incompatibilities, but remain poorly defined. The goals of this study were to discover and characterize two DEAs, named as Kai 1 and Kai 2. The monoclonal antibodies were produced by mouse hybridoma techniques and examined by ELISA isotyping, immunoblotting, and affinity chromatography. Canine blood samples were typed and the development of alloantibodies was examined in transfused dogs. The monoclonal Kai 1 and Kai 2 antibodies were isotyped as IgM kappa and IgG3 lamda, respectively, and identified two different erythrocyte membrane proteins of 200 kDa and 80 kDa in molecular weights, respectively. Either Kai 1 or Kai 2 can be expressed but not both in an individual dog. There were no naturally occurring anti-Kai 1 or Kai 2 alloantibodies. In addition, Kai 1- and/or Kai 2- dogs developed Kai 1 and Kai 2 alloantibodies, respectively, when transfused with mismatched blood. This is the first discovery of canine blood types by screening monoclonal antibodies. Kai 1 and Kai 2 are novel blood types which can induce anti-Kai 1 or anti-Kai 2 alloantibodies when Kai 1- and/or Kai 2- dogs are transfused with Kai 1+ or Kai 2+ blood. These canine blood types may explain some of the blood incompatibilities and transfusion reactions observed in dogs in clinical practice.

Survey of Blood Groups DEA 1, DEA 4, DEA 5, Dal, and Kai 1/Kai 2 in Different Canine Breeds From a Diagnostic Laboratory in Germany

“…Only leftover samples with of least 1 ml EDTA blood that was less than 1 week old and had been stored at 4-8 • C prior to analysis were included. Samples from several dog breeds, classified based on the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI 1 ), were selected based upon prior studies (11,12,27,29,36,37) and our own early results of their varied blood group antigen expression. Samples from known related dogs or repeat samples from the same dog were excluded.…”

“…Thus, our results for the Kai 1 /Kai 2 blood type pattern distribution were similar to a prior survey from North America, which found 94% Kai 1+/Kai 2-, 5% Kai 1-/Kai 2-, and 1% Kai 1-/Kai 2+ (27). In a recent survey using the conventional tube agglutination assay with 203 mostly Mastiff dogs from South Korea, the proportion of Kai 1+/Kai 2-was only 42%, with the proportion of Kai 1-/Kai 2+ being 37% and that of Kai 1-/Kai 2-being 20% (12). The large group of Kai 1-/Kai 2+ Mastiffs seen in Korea could not be substantiated here and in the survey from North America because of a lack of samples received from this breed.…”

“…However, the clinical importance of the Kai 1 and Kai 2 blood groups needs to be further investigated, especially since the development of alloantibodies against Kai 1 and Kai 2 in previously transfused dogs has been reported (12).…”

“…An international committee meeting in the 1970s designated the initially identified blood group systems as Dog Erythrocyte Antigen-DEA (10). Since then, additional blood group systems have been proposed, including Dal (11), Kai 1 and Kai 2 (12), and other currently unclassified blood groups (9). Moreover, additional blood group systems are suspected to exist based upon incompatible major crossmatch test results observed in previously transfused dogs (13).…”

Imunohematologia Veterinária: Antígenos Eritrocitários Caninos

“…Os sistemas sanguíneos caninos são divididos em DEA 1; (DEA 1.1; DEA 1,2; DEA 1,3); DEA 3; DEA 4; DEA 5; DEA 6; DEA 7 e DEA 8 e mais recentemente foram descritos o grupo DAL (encontrado em dálmatas) e DAI (EULER et al, 2016;LEE;GIGER;KIM, 2017;MEDINA VALENTIN;GAVAZZA;LUBAS, 2017). No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre muitos desses tipos de sangue e para alguns, como DEA 6 e 8, os soros de tipagem não existem mais (SPADA et al, 2017).…”