K2CO3-catalyzed direct synthesis of salicylic acid from phenol and supercritical CO2

The coupling of carbon dioxide with ethene to produce acrylic acid sodium salt in one pot by using Ni(II) and Pd(II)-phosphine complexes as precatalysts

“…Under reaction conditions specified in the experimental section, sodium acrylate, phenol and carbonates are formed in large amount (Scheme 1) whereas salycilate salts [56] has been never detected (see reaction 2). Fig.…”

“…Different from Pd(II) complexes, which can readly form Pd(0) complexes [57][58][59], the possible reactions with the solvent or the ligands are normally insufficient to reduce Ni(II) to Ni(0) complexes, even if it has been reported cases in which this happens [56] favored also by the alkaline conditions [ref]. Nevertheless the in situ generation of Ni(0) species starting from Ni(II) complexes are frequently used in catalysis usually in the presence of reducing agents such as organometallic species [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67] or Zn dust [28,49].…”

DFT study on reaction mechanism of di-tert-butylphenol to di-tert-butylhydroxybenzoic acid

“…To date, experimental studies on Kolbe-Schmitt reactions have made great progress, the reaction substrates and catalysts were fully extended, and the reaction conditions were also studied and optimized [6,7] . Besides ordinary high-pressure CO 2 gas [8][9][10] , the super critical CO 2 was also applied as substrates [11] . Compared to catalyst-free reaction [8,9] , various catalytic system can promote reaction rate to a great extent, such as K 2 CO 3 [11] , multiphase catalyst [10] , enzymes [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] , ultrasonics [19] , UV light [20] , etc.…”

“…Besides ordinary high-pressure CO 2 gas [8][9][10] , the super critical CO 2 was also applied as substrates [11] . Compared to catalyst-free reaction [8,9] , various catalytic system can promote reaction rate to a great extent, such as K 2 CO 3 [11] , multiphase catalyst [10] , enzymes [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] , ultrasonics [19] , UV light [20] , etc.…”

Recent advances in catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to propiolic acids over coinage-metal-based catalysts

“…Pioneering contributions in this area include the codimerization of isoprene with CO 2 firstly disclosed by Hoberg, and the copolymerization of epoxides with CO 2 initially reported by Inoue [10,11]. In addition, the latest progress examples include the synthesis of salicylic acid from the reaction of phenol salts with CO 2 [12][13][14], the hydrogenation of CO 2 with hydrogen to formic acid (HCO 2 H) [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], methanol [28], ethanol [29], the carboxylation of olefin with CO 2 to acrylic acids catalyzed by coinage-metal-based catalysts [30][31][32][33][34], the cycloaddition of CO 2 with epoxides to give cyclic carbonates [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43], and the reaction of CO 2 with amines to afford carbamates [44][45][46][47][48][49].…”