K-means Cluster Algorithm Applied for Geometric Shaping Based on Iterative Polar Modulation in Inter-Data Centers Optical Interconnection

Abstract

The demand of delivering various services is driving inter-data centers optical interconnection towards 400 G/800 G, which calls for increasing capacity and spectrum efficiency. The aim of this study is to effectively increase capacity while also improving nonlinear noise anti-interference. Hence, this paper presents a state-of-the-art scheme that applies the K-means cluster algorithm in geometric shaping based on iterative polar modulation (IPM). A coherent optical communication simulation system was established to demonstrate the performance of our proposal. The investigation reveals that the gap between IPM and Shannon limit has significantly narrowed in terms of mutual information. Moreover, when compared with IPM and QAM using the blind phase searching under the same order at HD-FEC threshold, the IPM-16 using the K-means algorithm achieves 0.9 dB and 1.7 dB gain; the IPM-64 achieves 0.3 dB and 1.1 dB gain, and the IPM-256 achieves 0.4 dB and 0.8 dB gain. The robustness of nonlinear noise and high capacity enable this state-of-the-art scheme to be used as an optional modulation format not only for inter-data centers optical interconnection but also for any high speed, long distance optical fiber communication system.

Validating Syntactic Correctness Using Unsupervised Clustering Algorithms

“…When the number of clusters k is chosen, the iterative distance-based k-means clustering algorithm [22][23][24][25] minimizes the total squared distance (D) from all points to their cluster centers:…”

“…When offline, the unsupervised clustering techniques are utilized as a tool to classify a tapestry of sentences into groups (called "clusters"). When online, in the event that a specific input sentence does not belong to one of the templates, the k-means clustering algorithm [22][23][24][25] should recommend a template that closely resembles the syntax of the input sentence. The validation process in our framework focuses on the syntactic correctness of the statements, which relates to the order of morphemes.…”