Juvenile hormone in spiders. Is this the solution to a mystery?

Nicewicz, Agata W.; Sawadro, Marta; Nicewicz, Łukasz; Babczyńska, Agnieszka

doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113781

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In contrast with the study of Zhu et al (2016) our alignment of 45 curated JHAMT sequences in the I. ricinus genome showed that Gln-14 and Trp-120 were conserved in the majority of the tick sequences (data not shown). Interestingly, independent expansions of JHAMTs have been recorded in spiders (Yang et al 2021), and the presence of a transcript of CYP15A1 may indicate the presence of juvenile hormone and/or methyl farnesoate in this group (Nicewicz et al 2021). JH synthesis occurs in the corpora allata in insects, and tick synganglia are partly homologous to this tissue (Zhu et al 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome sequences of fourIxodesspecies expands understanding of tick evolution

de Araujo,

Noël,

Bretaudeau

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Ticks, hematophagous acari, pose a significant threat by transmitting various pathogens to their vertebrate hosts during feeding. Despite advances in tick genomics, high-quality genomes were lacking until recently, particularly in the genusIxodes, which includes the main vectors of Lyme disease. Here, we present the complete genome sequences of four tick species, derived from a single female individual, with a particular focus on the European speciesIxodes ricinus, achieving a chromosome-level assembly. Additionally, draft assemblies were generated for the three otherIxodesspecies,I. persulcatus, I. pacificusandI. hexagonus. The quality of the four genomes and extensive annotation of several important gene families have allowed us to study the evolution of gene repertoires at the level of the genusIxodesand of the tick group. We have determined gene families that have undergone major amplifications during the evolution of ticks, while an expression atlas obtained forI. ricinusreveals striking patterns of specialization both between and within gene families. Notably, several gene family amplifications are associated with a proliferation of single-exon genes. The integration of our data with existing genomes establishes a solid framework for the study of gene evolution, improving our understanding of tick biology. In addition, our work lays the foundations for applied research and innovative control targeting these organisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome sequences of fourIxodesspecies expands understanding of tick evolution

de Araujo,

Noël,

Bretaudeau

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…However, conflicting reports on the presence and activity of key enzymes exist amongst different arthropod groups. While JHAMT has been generalised as a key enzyme in the production of MF in non-insect arthropods, experimental evidence of its presence in chelicerates such as spiders and ticks is still ambiguous and made more difficult due to detections of tens of JHAMT-like proteins (Zhu et al, 2016;Nicewicz et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2021aYang et al, , 2022Smykal & Dolezel, 2023).…”

Section: Sesquiterpenoid Biosynthesis and Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most well-studied non-insect group are the crustaceans, although even within this diverse and paraphyletic group the experimental focus has been restricted to only a few orders (Ventura et al, 2018;Hyde et al, 2019a;Knigge, LeBlanc & Ford, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021). Beyond Pancrustacea, molecular experimental work on moulting in chelicerate and myriapod species remains extremely sparse (Chipman et al, 2014;Honda et al, 2017;Li et al, 2017;Nicewicz et al, 2021). Furthermore, research investigations that apply broad cross-taxa approaches to compare and contrast moulting mechanisms are scarce (Qu et al, 2015;Schumann et al, 2018;De Oliveira, Calcino & Wanninger, 2019;Zieger et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review

Campli,

Volovych,

Kim

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well as protection from the environment and predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating the adoption of a variety of lifestyles and the exploitation of ecological niches across all environments. Throughout the radiation of Arthropoda that produced the more than one million described modern species, the adaptability afforded by segmentation and exoskeletons has led to a diversity that is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because exoskeletons cannot grow, they must be periodically shed and replaced with new larger ones to accommodate the growing individuals encased within. Arthropods must therefore undergo periodic moulting events, which follow a series of steps from the preparatory pre-moult phase to ecdysis itself and the post-moult maturation of the new exoskeleton. Each event represents a particularly vulnerable period in an arthropod’s life cycle, so the process must be tightly regulated and meticulously executed to ensure successful transitions for normal growth and development. Decades of research in representative arthropods provide a foundation of understanding of the mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue to develop and test hypotheses on the presence and function of molecular components, including neuropeptides, hormones, and receptors, as well as the so-called early, late, and fate genes, across arthropod diversity. Here, we review the literature to develop a comprehensive overview of the current status of accumulated knowledge of the genetic toolkit governing arthropod moulting. From the biosynthesis and regulation of ecdysteroid and sesquiterpenoid hormones, to the factors involved in hormonal stimulation responses and exoskeleton remodelling, we identify commonalities and differences, as well as highlighting major knowledge gaps, across arthropod groups. We examine the available evidence supporting current models of how components operate together to prepare for, execute, and recover from ecdysis, comparing reports from Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Hexapoda. Evidence is generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, with most reports based on insect study systems. Biases are also evident in the research on different moulting phases and processes, with the early triggers and the late effectors generally being the least well explored. Our synthesis contrasts knowledge based on reported observations with reasonably plausible assumptions given current taxonomic sampling, and exposes weak assumptions or major gaps that need addressing. Encouragingly, advances in genomics are driving a diversification of tractable study systems by facilitating the cataloguing of putative genetic toolkits in previously under-explored taxa. Analysis of genome and transcriptome data supported by experimental investigations have validated the presence of an “ultra-conserved” core of arthropod moulting genes. The molecular machinery has likely evolved with elaborations on this conserved pathway backbone, but more taxonomic exploration is needed to characterise lineage-specific changes and novelties. Furthermore, linking these to transformative innovations in moulting processes across Arthropoda remains hampered by knowledge gaps and hypotheses based on untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging from the synthesis is a framework that highlights research avenues from the underlying genetics to the dynamic molecular biology through to the complex physiology of moulting.

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“…In fact, the administration of 20E demonstrates to induce molting of ticks, horseshoe crabs, and spiders [60][61][62][63]. Although there have been no reports of identification of sesquiterpenoid hormones in Chelicerata, genomic and transcriptomic data suggest that ticks and spiders may have precursors of JH, MF [64,65]. Therefore, it is possible that ecdysteroids and sesquiterpenoid hormones cause molting and associated metamorphosis in chelicerates, despite this not being direct evidence.…”

Section: Larval Metamorphosis In Cheliceratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larval Development of Non-Insect Arthropods: Metamorphosis and Sexual Differentiation

Toyota¹,

Sakae²,

Iguchi³

2023

Arthropods - New Advances and Perspectives

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In insects, metamorphosis is one of the most important research topics. Their drastic morphological and physiological changes from larvae to pupae, and then to adults, have fascinated many people. These changing life history patterns are tightly regulated by two endocrine systems, the ecdysteroids (molting hormones) and the juvenile hormones. Metamorphosis is also the most universal phenomenon in non-insect arthropods (especially crustaceans). Additionally, as dwarf males (e.g., barnacle crustaceans) show distinct sexual dimorphism during the larval developmental stage, larval development and sexual differentiation are also intimately associated. Our knowledge of endocrinology and gene cascades underlying metamorphosis and sexual differentiation in non-insect arthropods is rudimentary at best and relies heavily on well-studied insect models. Advances in newly developed applications, omics technologies and gene-targeting, are expected to lead to explorative molecular studies that reveal components and pathways unique to non-insect arthropods. This chapter reconciles known components of metamorphosis and sexual differentiation in non-insect arthropods and reflects on our findings in insects to outline future research.

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Juvenile hormone in spiders. Is this the solution to a mystery?

Cited by 7 publications

References 54 publications

Genome sequences of fourIxodesspecies expands understanding of tick evolution

Genome sequences of fourIxodesspecies expands understanding of tick evolution

The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review

Larval Development of Non-Insect Arthropods: Metamorphosis and Sexual Differentiation

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