“…The decline in survival and height growth with increasing altitude is at least in part due to extreme events such as late spring frosts and low temperatures (Cárdenas and Lusk, 2002;Körner, 2007;Körner and Paulsen, 2004). Towards the lower altitudes, loss of carbohydrates and water stress would be the reasons for lower seedling growth and survival (Bruelheide and Lieberum, 2001;Jump et al, 2009;Mäkinen et al, 2002).…”