Juvenile exposure to predator cues induces a larger egg size in fish

Segers, Francisca H. I. D.; Taborsky, Barbara

doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1290

Cited by 51 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…Larval phenotypes are influenced by the food environments that their mothers previously experienced during their own early life history (Taborsky 2006), recent life history (Rez nick & Yang 1993), and shortly before spawning (Kerrigan 1997, Gagliano & McCormick 2007. Maternal exposure to predator cues in early life (Segers & Taborsky 2011) and shortly before spawning (Giesing et al 2011) can also induce shifts in the larval phenotype. Variation in the environment that is experienced by mothers within a population may therefore lead to differences among larvae in re source allocation to competing traits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trade-offs obscure the relationship between egg size and larval traits in the diadromous fish Galaxias maculatus

Semmens¹,

Swearer²

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Egg size is one of the most frequently used surrogate measures of maternal investment and is strongly related to fitness-determining traits, such as offspring size in many marine animals, but the relationship is not universal. Because the amount of yolk allocated to eggs is finite, not all fitness-determining traits can be simultaneously maximised, and trade-offs should be expected. The results of the present study show that egg size (quantified as cross-sectional area) poorly predicts the size of larval morphological traits (length, yolk sac area, oil globule area, myomere depth, and eye area) in the native Australian fish Galaxias maculatus. Egg size was correlated with yolk sac size and larval body depth, but it explained <13% of the total variation in these traits. Moreover, egg size did not predict the time it took for larvae to hatch, nor did it predict the duration from hatching to starvation. However, when egg size and yolk sac size (i.e. yolk remaining at hatching) were both included as predictors, the fits with larval traits improved greatly (r 2 = 0.02 to 0.46 for larval length, r 2 = 0.11 to 0.17 for myomere depth, and r 2 < 0.001 to 0.14 for eye area). These findings indicate that there is a trade-off between the quantity of yolk at hatching and the size of larval morphological traits in G. maculatus. The remaining unexplained variation may be a consequence of trade-offs with other unmeasured traits, such as metabolic rate, and the potential that egg size is not a good proxy for maternal investment. KEY WORDS: Life history theory · Maternal effects · Offspring size · Phenotypic plasticity Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 461: 165-174, 2012 166 size of larvae at hatching in a large number of marine species (reviewed by Duarte & Alcaraz 1989, Chambers & Leggett 1996, Marshall & Keough 2007. However, many of the studies that examine the relationship between egg size and larval traits compare among group means rather than individuals. When relationships between egg size and larval traits have been examined at the individual level, they tend to be weaker (reviewed by Chambers 1997). For instance, there is a significant relationship between egg size and larval length in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Egg size explains 58% of the variation in larval length when group means are compared (Marteinsdottir & Steinarsson 1998), but when individuals are compared, only 6% of the variation is explained (Pepin et al. 1997). Consequently, the current evidence for strong relationships between egg size and offspring size may be misleading.Egg size also affects several other traits in marine larvae that are important for survival, such as energy reserves, growth rate, and duration of the embryonic and larval periods (reviewed by Duarte & Alcaraz 1989, Cowen & Sponaugle 1997, Marshall & Keough 2007. Because the maternal resources that can be allocated to eggs are finite, trade-offs should be expected among larval traits (i.e. not all fitness determi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trade-offs obscure the relationship between egg size and larval traits in the diadromous fish Galaxias maculatus

Semmens¹,

Swearer²

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…These patterns are observed to vary across species (Hoverman and Relyea 2007) and traits (e.g., Taborsky 2006, Kotrschal and Taborksy 2010, Arnold and Taborsky 2010, Segers and Taborsky 2012. For instance, bryozoans can grow defensive structures in response to chemical predator cues only early in their life (Harvell 1991), and in rats persistent stress resistance can be induced by maternal care only if experienced in the first week after birth (Szyf et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Age-Dependent Plasticity

Fischer

Doorn

Dieckmann

et al. 2014

The American Naturalist

Self Cite

148

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When organisms encounter environments that are heterogeneous in time, phenotypic plasticity is often favored by selection. The degree of such plasticity can vary during an organism's lifetime, but the factors promoting differential plastic responses at different ages or life stages remain poorly understood. Here we develop and analyze an evolutionary model to investigate how environmental information is optimally collected and translated into phenotypic adjustments at different ages. We demonstrate that plasticity must often be expected to vary with age in a non-monotonic fashion. Early in life it is generally optimal to delay phenotypic adjustments until sufficient information has been collected about the state of the environment to warrant a costly phenotypic adjustment. Towards the end of life, phenotypic adjustments are disfavored as well, because their beneficial effects can no longer fully be reaped before death.Our analysis clarifies how patterns of age-dependent plasticity are shaped by the interplay of environmental uncertainty, the accuracy of perceived information and the costs of phenotypic adjustments with life-history determinants such as the relative strengths of fecundity and viability selection experienced by the organism over its lifetime. We conclude by comparing our results with expectations for alternative mechanisms, including developmental constraints, that promote age-dependent plasticity.3

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“…In species that do not show post-ovipositional parental care, maternal effects are largely limited to egg provisioning [14], including egg size, composition [15,16] and nest location [17]. Maternal influence on size can alter offspring fitness: larger eggs hatch into larger offspring who show advantages in growth and survival [15,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal body condition influences magnitude of anti-predator response in offspring

Bennett

Murray

2014

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Organisms exhibit plasticity in response to their environment, but there is large variation even within populations in the expression and magnitude of response. Maternal influence alters offspring survival through size advantages in growth and development. However, the relationship between maternal influence and variation in plasticity in response to predation risk is unknown. We hypothesized that variation in the magnitude of plastic responses between families is at least partly due to maternal provisioning and examined the relationship between maternal condition, egg provisioning and magnitude of plastic response to perceived predation risk (by dragonfly larvae: Aeshna spp.) in northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens). Females in better body condition tended to lay more (clutch size) larger (egg diameter) eggs. Tadpoles responded to predation risk by increasing relative tail depth (morphology) and decreasing activity (behaviour). We found a positive relationship between morphological effect size and maternal condition, but no relationship between behavioural effect size and maternal condition. These novel findings suggest that limitations imposed by maternal condition can constrain phenotypic variation, ultimately influencing the capacity of populations to respond to environmental change.

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Juvenile exposure to predator cues induces a larger egg size in fish

Cited by 51 publications

References 57 publications

Trade-offs obscure the relationship between egg size and larval traits in the diadromous fish Galaxias maculatus

Trade-offs obscure the relationship between egg size and larval traits in the diadromous fish Galaxias maculatus

The Evolution of Age-Dependent Plasticity

Maternal body condition influences magnitude of anti-predator response in offspring

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