“…The coexistence of several degradation factors (eg, loss of soil structure and fertility, acidification/alkalinization and/or decrease of specific and functional diversity) amplifies the complexity of the problem, complicating its rehabilitation. [46][47][48] Major producers of PTE include human activities such as agriculture, industry, mining, tourism, and urbanization, 49,50 which directly affect soil health, fertility, quality, and the carbon cycle. 51,52 Nowadays, we do not have a clear understanding of the potential differences between potentially hazardous or toxic elements sources from the various anthropogenic activities that release them into the environment, such as industrial, domestic, and agronomic aspects.…”