“…Most traditional Muslim jurists and theologians, whether writing in medieval and premodern periods (Al-Shāfiʿī, 1990;Al-Ṭūsī 2010;Ibn Hanbal, 1969;Mālik B. Anas, 1985) or more recent times (Kadivar, 2013a;Al-Khū'ī, 2007;Al-Qaraḍāwī, 2008;Al-Sīstānī, 2006), have categorized and condemned same-sex desires and acts, including homosexuality and bisexuality, as liwāṭ (i.e., anal intercourse between men) or siḥāq (between women) (Lange, 2008(Lange, , 2009. Revisionist Muslims, such as Scott Kugle (2007Kugle ( , 2010, Arash Naraghi (2015), and Samar Habib (2007Habib ( , 2010, have offered a more tolerant approach toward this issue over the last two decades.…”