Justice Is a Right to Speak

Abstract

Levinas’s conception of justice in Totality and Infinity is very different from the one developed in Otherwise than Being. Both are bound to the presence of the third party next to my neighbor. But whereas in the later work this presence leads to transform the responsibility of the I for the Other, to compare the neighbor and the third party for the sake of justice, hence to enter the sphere of visibility in which retributive justice is possible, it opens in the early work to a fraternity of all humans, understood as a community of language, of expression, teaching, and commandment. Here, justice is a right to speak. I argue that these conceptions of justice are not only different. The early one can also be seen as the condition of the later one. And Levinas refers explicitly to it in Otherwise than Being as a justice that passes by justice.

Minimal coupling in presence of non-metricity and torsion

“…[93,94]). However, in presence of torsion and/or non-metricity the two actions (35) and (36) for spin 1/2 are not dynamically equivalent anymore, since they are no longer related by a boundary term, satisfying instead the relation…”

“…Since both actions are not equivalent, we must take care of using (35) in non-Riemannian space-times, since it is the hermitic while (36) is not. However, we will see that there are further consistency reasons to choose (35) over (36). To this end let us derive the field equations for Ψ and Ψ that each of both actions describe.…”

“…Let us point out that these field equations were already found in [79] from the standard Riemannian equations in an alternative manner. Repeating the same procedure now with the non-hermitian action (36), we are led to the field equations…”

“…Notice that the above equation is identical to the equation satisfied by Ψ, thus consistently suggesting the identification Ψ = Ψ † γ 0 . Repeating the same procedure for the field equations defined by the action (36), by taking the adjoint of the field equation satisfied by ψ (i.e. the fist of ( 46)) we arrive at…”

“…Whereas the observable effects of torsion has been fairly well studied in gravitational contexts, the other signature of non-Riemannian geometry 1 , which is non-metricity, has not been analyzed as deeply (see [36] for a short review of these results). However, there has recently been renewed interest analysing several theories that feature non-metricity and/or torsion, such as teleparallel and symmetric teleparallel theories [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53], Ricci-based gravity thoeries (which encompass f (R)) or Born-Infeld gravity) [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64], or others [65][66][67][68][69].…”