Just say no (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation.

Abstract

The primary aim of the present research was to examine the effect of training in negating stereotype associations on stereotype activation. Across 3 studies, participants received practice in negating stereotypes related to skinhead and racial categories. The subsequent automatic activation of stereotypes was measured using either a primed Stroop task (Studies I and 2) or a person categorization task (Study 3). The results demonstrate that when receiving no training or training in a nontarget category stereotype, participants exhibited spontaneous stereotype activation. After receiving an extensive amount of training related to a specific category, however, participants demonstrated reduced stereotype activation. The results from the training task provide further evidence for the impact of practice on participants' proficiency in negating stereotypes.

Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The quad-model of implicit task performance

“…In the literature on prejudice, for example, there is a brewing debate over the interpretation of implicit measures of prejudice, with some researchers arguing that low scores reflect weak attitudes (e.g., Blair et al, 2001;Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001;Kawakami et al, 2000;Rudman, Ashmore, & Gary, 2001), and others suggesting that low scores may reflect skill at selfregulation (e.g., Devine & Monteith, 1999;McFarland & Crouch, 2002;Moskowitz et al, 1999). These interpretations have very different implications for reducing prejudiced behavior.…”

“…Distinguishing cases in which an automatic response is not activated from cases in which the response is activated but successfully inhibited has become a critical question in research on prejudice. In this research, demonstrations of diminished prejudice on implicit measures may be interpreted as reflecting attitude change (e.g., Blair, Ma, & Lenton, 2001;Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001;Kawakami, Dovidio, Moll, Hermsen, & Russin, 2000;Rudman, Ashmore, & Gary, 2001) or the enhanced ability to overcome 2 Note that if the judgment is not driven by explicit recollection memory (1 -C) and a familiarity-consistent judgment is not made (1 -A), the model assumes that a familiarity-inconsistent judgment will be made. Figure 1.…”

Reflection and Impulse as Determinants of Human Behavior

“…Although this effect is not universal (Deutsch et al, 2009 ), it provides evidence that impulsive associations are what implicit attitude procedures measure. Procedures used to change implicit attitudes, such as automatic stereotype reduction training (Kawakami, Dovidio, Moll, Hermsen, & Russin, 2000 ), can also benefi t from the implications of the RIM's structure. In the original automatic stereotype reduction training, participants were induced to respond to stereotype-congruent pairings with a NO key and to stereotypeincongruent pairings with a YES key.…”

Trait Inferences as a Function of Automatically-Activated Racial Attitudes and Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions

“…To the extent that such variable replacement is permitted by such models, the end result is a pattern of responding that would be indistinguishable from the correction process described by Wegener and Petty (1995). Although we find the correction mechanism more plausible, whether correction or replacement is involved is not crucial to the aims of this research.(e.g., Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001;Kawakami, Dovidio, Moll, Hermsen, & Russin, 2000). Also, Fazio and colleagues (1995) provided evidence that what is automatically activated on encountering a group member is not necessarily a culturally shared stereotype, but one's personal evaluation of the group.…”

“…(e.g., Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001;Kawakami, Dovidio, Moll, Hermsen, & Russin, 2000). Also, Fazio and colleagues (1995) provided evidence that what is automatically activated on encountering a group member is not necessarily a culturally shared stereotype, but one's personal evaluation of the group.…”