Juno spacecraft gravity measurements provide evidence for normal modes of Jupiter

Durante, Daniele; Guillot, T.; Iess, L.; Stevenson, D. J.; Mankovich, Christopher; Markham, Stephen; Galanti, Eli; Kaspi, Yohai; Zannoni, Marco; Casajus, Luis Gomez; Lari, Giacomo; Parisi, Marzia; Buccino, Dustin; Park, Ryan; Bolton, S. J.

doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32299-9

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Improvements on EOSs, both experimentally and numerically, with particular emphasis on the hydrogen-helium mixture at pressures between 10 kbar and 10 Mbar and near Jupiter's adiabat (temperatures from 1000 to 20 000 K on this pressure range) would be extremely valuable. Finally, while indications of the presence of normal modes of Jupiter exist (Gaulme et al 2011;Durante et al 2022), their identification from dedicated observational efforts (Gonçalves et al 2019;Shaw et al 2022) would be an extremely powerful tool for fully constraining the interior structure and composition. Notes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jupiter’s interior from Juno: Equation-of-state uncertainties and dilute core extent

Howard

Guillot

Bazot

et al. 2023

A&A

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Context. The Juno mission has provided measurements of Jupiter’s gravity field with an outstanding level of accuracy, leading to better constraints on the interior of the planet. Improving our knowledge of the internal structure of Jupiter is key to understanding its formation and evolution but is also important in the framework of exoplanet exploration. Aims. In this study, we investigated the differences between the state-of-the-art equations of state and their impact on the properties of interior models. Accounting for uncertainty on the hydrogen and helium equation of state, we assessed the span of the interior features of Jupiter. Methods. We carried out an extensive exploration of the parameter space and studied a wide range of interior models using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations. To consider the uncertainty on the equation of state, we allowed for modifications of the equation of state in our calculations. Results. Our models harbour a dilute core and indicate that Jupiter’s internal entropy is higher than what is usually assumed from the Galileo probe measurements. We obtain solutions with extended dilute cores, but contrary to other recent interior models of Jupiter, we also obtain models with small dilute cores. The dilute cores in such solutions extend to ~20% of Jupiter’s mass, leading to better agreement with formation–evolution models. Conclusions. We conclude that the equations of state used in Jupiter models have a crucial effect on the inferred structure and composition. Further explorations of the behaviour of hydrogen–helium mixtures at the pressure and temperature conditions in Jupiter will help to constrain the interior of the planet, and therefore its origin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jupiter’s interior from Juno: Equation-of-state uncertainties and dilute core extent

Howard

Guillot

Bazot

et al. 2023

A&A

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“…Parallel to the gravity science, Juno and Cassini have also renewed interest in giant planet seismology. Anomalous spacecraft accelerations appear to support the idea of acoustic (p)-mode seismicity in Jupiter (Durante et al 2022) and Saturn (Markham et al 2020), although this offers no immediate quantitative constraints on planetary structure. On the other hand, the unique data set of ring seismology at Saturn has proven useful for constraining a giant planet's interior in new ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Saturn's Seismic Rotation Revisited

2023

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Normal mode seismology is a promising means of measuring rotation in gas giant interiors, and ring seismology presents a singular opportunity to do so at Saturn. We calculate Saturn’s normal modes of oscillation and zonal gravity field, using nonperturbative methods for normal modes in the rigidly rotating approximation, and perturbative methods for the shifts that Saturn’s deep winds induce in the mode frequencies and zonal gravity harmonics. The latter are calculated by solving the thermogravitational wind equation in an oblate geometry. Comparing many such models to gravity data and the frequencies of ring patterns excited by Saturn’s normal modes, we use statistical methods to estimate that Saturn’s cloud-level winds extend inward along cylinders before decaying at a depth 0.125–0.138 times Saturn’s equatorial radius, or 7530–8320 km, consistent with analyses of Cassini’s gravity and magnetic field data. The seismology is especially useful for pinning down Saturn’s poorly constrained deep rotation period, which we estimate at 2π/ΩS = 634.7 minutes (median) with a 5/95% quantile range of 633.8–635.5 minutes. Outstanding residuals in mode frequencies at low angular degree suggest a more complicated deep interior than has been considered to date. Smaller but still significant residuals at high angular degrees also show that our picture for the thermal, composition, and/or rotation profile in Saturn’s envelope is not yet complete.

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“…Improvements on EOSs, both experimentally and numerically, with particular emphasis on the hydrogen-helium mixture at pressures between 10 kbar and 10 Mbar and near Jupiter's adiabat (temperatures from 1000 K to 20,000 K on this pressure range) would be extremely valuable. Finally, while indications of the presence of normal modes of Jupiter exist (Gaulme et al 2011;Durante et al 2022), their identification from dedicated observational efforts (Gonçalves et al 2019;Shaw et al 2022) would be an extremely powerful tool for fully constraining the interior structure and composition. The black points correspond to the measured J 2n by Juno.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jupiter's interior from Juno: Equation-of-state uncertainties and dilute core extent

Howard¹,

Guillot²,

Bazot³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Context. The Juno mission has provided measurements of Jupiter's gravity field with an outstanding level of accuracy, leading to better constraints on the interior of the planet. Improving our knowledge of the internal structure of Jupiter is key to understanding its formation and evolution but is also important in the framework of exoplanet exploration. Aims. In this study, we investigated the differences between the state-of-the-art equations of state and their impact on the properties of interior models. Accounting for uncertainty on the hydrogen and helium equation of state, we assessed the span of the interior features of Jupiter. Methods. We carried out an extensive exploration of the parameter space and studied a wide range of interior models using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations. To consider the uncertainty on the equation of state, we allowed for modifications of the equation of state in our calculations. Results. Our models harbour a dilute core and indicate that Jupiter's internal entropy is higher than what is usually assumed from the Galileo probe measurements. We obtain solutions with extended dilute cores, but contrary to other recent interior models of Jupiter, we also obtain models with small dilute cores. The dilute cores in such solutions extend to ∼ 20% of Jupiter's mass, leading to better agreement with formation-evolution models. Conclusions. We conclude that the equations of state used in Jupiter models have a crucial effect on the inferred structure and composition. Further explorations of the behaviour of hydrogen-helium mixtures at the pressure and temperature conditions in Jupiter will help to constrain the interior of the planet, and therefore its origin.

show abstract

Juno spacecraft gravity measurements provide evidence for normal modes of Jupiter

Cited by 17 publications

References 35 publications

Jupiter’s interior from Juno: Equation-of-state uncertainties and dilute core extent

Jupiter’s interior from Juno: Equation-of-state uncertainties and dilute core extent

Saturn's Seismic Rotation Revisited

Jupiter's interior from Juno: Equation-of-state uncertainties and dilute core extent

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