July 2023 at a glance: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and comorbidities

Abstract

Heart failure with preserved ejection fractionHeart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous syndrome. 1-3 A scientific statement from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) described most common HFpEF phenotypes, related comorbidities and treatment options for each phenotype. 4 Exercise testing has a key role in the diagnosis and prognostic assessment of HFpEF. 1,5,6 In a study by Alogna et al., 7 398 patients with HFpEF undergoing comprehensive echocardiography and invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing were categorized low versus preserved biventricular cardiac power output (BCPO) reserve (< vs ≥ median of 1.57 W). Lower BCPO was associated with more advanced HFpEF, increased systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, reduced exercise capacity and increased adverse events.Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common among patients with HFpEF. Filippatos et al. 8 performed a secondary analysis of the EMPEROR-Preserved trial to assess efficacy of empagliflozin in patients with and without AF. Empagliflozin successfully reduced the risk of serious HF events and slowed the decline of renal function, irrespective of AF.Quality of life is impaired also in patients with HFpEF. 9,10 Pooling data from DAPA-HF and DELIVER trials, Bhatt et al. 11 analysed the benefits of dapagliflozin on health status, measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), across the full spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). A total of 11 007 participants were included and KCCQ was evaluated at 4 and 8 months. Dapagliflozin improved all key domains of health status irrespective of LVEF.Some studies showed a U-shaped relationship between LVEF and outcome, with patients with supranormal ejection fraction (HFsnEF, LVEF >65%) having a higher risk of events. 12-14 Among 11 573 patients hospitalized for HF and enrolled in the nationwide Japanese registry, 16.8% were classified as HFsnEF, 28.3% as HF with normal ejection fraction (HFnEF), 17.5% as HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) and 37.4% as HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Patients with HFsnEF were older, more likely to be women, had lower natriuretic peptide values, and had smaller left ventricles than those with HFnEF.