Judgments of average lightness and darkness: A further consideration of inverse attributes

Curtis, Dwight W.; Rule, Stanley J.

doi:10.3758/bf03204251

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…These results agree with those of Curtis and Rule (1978). Sternheim and Boynton's (1966) color-naming technique requires participants to express blackness and whiteness verbally in terms of percentages of black and white, respectively, without the constraint that the sum of these percentages has to be 100%.…”

Section: Notessupporting

confidence: 82%

On the determinants of surface brightness

Masin

2003

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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In the present study, the luminance determinants of surface brightness were explored. The findings that uniform surfaces vanish when their retinal contour is stabilized and that on-center and off-center visual neurons signal the luminance step at the border of surfaces support the current view that this luminance step determines surface brightness (Arend, Buehler, & Lockhead, 1971;Fiorentini, Baumgartner, Magnussen, Schiller, & Thomas, 1990;Grossberg & Todorović, 1988;Krauskopf, 1963;Land & McCann, 1971;Ross & Pessoa, 2000). However, here it is shown that a reanalysis of the experimental results reported by Beck (1974) and Kozaki (1973) reveals that absolute luminances determine surface brightness independently of the luminance step at the border of surfaces. EXPERIMENT 1Experiment 1 was designed to replicate the results of Beck (1974) and Kozaki (1973) using a broader range of stimulus parameters.Surfaces presented in a dark field were used. Since, in these surfaces, whiteness matches brightness (Redding & Lester, 1980) and is complementary to blackness (Quinn, Wooten, & Ludman, 1985), the effects of absolute luminances on each of these attributes were tested. 1 MethodParticipants. Forty-eight students of the University of Padua with normal or corrected-to-normal vision participated to fulfill a course requirement.Stimuli. In a dark room, each stimulus appeared on the frontal parallel 33 3 25 cm screen of an Apple monitor controlled by a Macintosh 7200 computer. The viewing distance was about 80 cm.The stimulus was a 4.5 3 4.5 cm achromatic square in the middle of an achromatic background covering the entire screen. Let S and B denote the luminance of the square and that of the background, respectively. There were 30 stimuli, one for each different pair of S and B, in which S was 10, 20, 40, 60, or 80 cd/m 2 and B was 1, 15, 30, 50, 70, or 110 cd/m 2 . The stimuli remained on the screen until the experimenter typed the participant's response. The intertrial interval was 3 sec.Procedure. The experiment was divided into three sessions. During presentation of the instructions for each session, a horizontal row of eight equidistant 2.2 3 2.2 cm achromatic squares with luminances of 0. 05, 5, 10, 20, 40, 70, 100, and 140 cd /m 2 , increasing from left to right, was displayed on a background with B = 15 cd/m 2 . In the first session, the participants rated the perceived amount of light coming from the square of each stimulus using integers from 0 to 100, with 0 representing the brightness of the leftmost square and 100 that of the rightmost square in the row of eight squares. In the remaining two sessions, the participants rated the perceived amount either of whiteness or of blackness in the square of each stimulus using integers from 0 to 100, with 0 representing the absence of white or of black and 100 representing the presence only of white or only of black. Half of the participants rated whiteness in the second session and blackness in the third. For the other half, the order was reversed. In each session, the se...

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Section: Notessupporting

confidence: 82%