In clinics and hospitals, in conference rooms and classrooms, in hallways and lunchrooms, we demonstrate daily our effectiveness or ineffectiveness as team members. We interact with patients, coworkers, and learners in ways that result in smooth, well-functioning, patient-centered processes, or we interact in ways that impede those processes. This "hidden curriculum" is powerful and teaches others about our competence in and commitment to teamwork. The recent focus on teams in patient care, education, and research calls for increasing awareness of our own roles in settings in which we have responsibilities that are mutual to or complementary with others'.In the minds of many physicians-even those who have committed to a team approach to health care-there may still be a number of questions about how a team should function and what the obligations and behaviors of each team member should be. As Baker and colleagues 1 noted in their review of teams in health care, the medical community frequently has focused on measuring outcomes, such as the time between arrival and admission or errors in procedures, rather than on "process measures"-the activities, strategies, responses, and behaviors of team members as they function in teams. Although these are more difficult to collect and quantify, a number of these processes have been demonstrated to contribute to effective teamwork in health care settings. Foundational processes for teamwork include a practice's development of and commitment to a strong sense of trust, inclusion of diverse perspectives in clinical operations and decision making, and strategic use of a continuum of effective communication strategies. The synergy that results from developing and sustaining successful teams can result in a satisfying, even joyful, work environment.
TrustWhat does it take to develop trust among clinic team members? Physicians may ask themselves, Do I trust my medical assistant to take an accurate social history and document it appropriately in the chart? Do I double check the nurse's recommendation for patient self-management? Do I allow the receptionist to lead a new check-out process? Am I less of a leader if I don't have all the answers about the patient flow within my office or don't start all improvement initiatives myself? At the individual level, the answers to these questions depend on how much we trust our team colleagues and are willing to be vulnerable to one another.2 Feeling safe being vulnerable to our colleagues requires that we understand each other's roles and allow each staff member to operate freely within his or her scope of practice 3 while relying on frequent, meaningful dialogue across all members of the group who are, together, accountable for patient care.4 Diversity A patient's experience in any clinic is influenced by individuals who vary greatly in their training, roles, and experience. Including relevant staff members in decision making regarding quality improvement, practice change, and clinical operations has been shown to positively influence prac...