Joule Heating of the Upper Atmosphere

Cole, KD

doi:10.1071/ph620223

Cited by 216 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Cole (1962Cole ( , 1963Cole ( , 1971 has shown that Joule heating is an important heating mechanism during magnetic storms with the maximum of the heat input rate occuring at altitudes as high as 150 km. We have chosen therefore in our calculations a heat input distribution shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Theoretical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic storm characteristics of the thermosphere

Mayr¹,

Volland²

1973

J. Geophys. Res.

142

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Energy and diffusive mass transport associated with the thermospheric circulation are considered in a self-consistent, though mathematically relatively simple form to describe in a three-dimensional two-constituent model magnetic storm characteristics in composition (N 2' 0, and He), temperature and massdensity. It is shown that during disturbed conditions the latitudinal variations of composition and gas temperature Tg reflect the local nature of the magnetic storm heat input assumed to be primarily confined to the auroral zones. Thereby T g and N2 increase, He decreases and°remains constant through the auroral zones at exospheric heights (due to the superposition of temperature and diffusioneffects) in agreement with OGO-6 mass spectrometer measurements.In contrast, the magnetic storm response in the total mass density is characterized by a strong world-wide component and a relatively insignificant increase toward the poles with the density peak occurring between two (poles) and eight (equator) hours after the maximum energy input, in substantial agreement with satellite drag data. While in situ composition and satellite drag mass-density measurements can thus be reconciled it must, however, be emphasized that the temperature derivation from the satellite drag data cannot be justified during disturbed conditions.

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Section: Theoretical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic storm characteristics of the thermosphere

Mayr¹,

Volland²

1973

J. Geophys. Res.

142

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“…The possibility of supersonic winds has since been further established by accelerometer measurement of lateral winds in excess of 1'5kms-1 (DeVries 1971). Winds of such speeds were predicted earlier (Cole 1962a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…In addition to the heating and force components present during quiet periods, there are heating components due to Joule dissipation, viscosity and corpuscular bombardment, and force components caused by the heating itself and the Lorentz term associated with electric currents. The latter are known to be able to produce winds of such speeds (Cole 1962a); however, it is not intended to discuss this source of movement here. The present investigation is concerned with a very much simplified problem in which only an atmospheric heat source is taken to be the driver of the motion and no interaction with an ionosphere is considered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supersonic Neutral Winds in an Outer Atmosphere. I. Isothermal Conditions

Gilbert¹,

Cole²

1974

Aust. J. Phys.

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The concept of steady nozzle flow along a narrow tube is applied to the motion of neutral gas constituents in a locally heated isothermal region of the outer atmosphere of a planet or star. The artificial nozzle throat at which the flow becomes supersonic is achieved by using one of two streamline functions within a vertical plane suggested by the possible shapes of convection cells. One streamline spirals above the surface of the planet at constant elevation, and the other 'bends over' asymptotically towards the horizontal. The former achieves the nozzle throat by the gravitational force decreasing with distance from the centre of the planet, while the latter relies on the gravitational component along the streamline decreasing as the streamline approaches the horizontal. Conditions under which the effects of viscosity and frictional interactions in the Earth's atmosphere may be neglected from the assumed hydrodynamic description are considered. For the proposed models and boundary conditions appropriate to an intensely heated region of the Earth's atmosphere, the dependences of the critical distance, temperature boundary values, and velocity and heating profiles on variations in the parameters are shown.

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“…These fields and currents are particularly signiFicant (1) when currents and fields applied from the "boundary layer and tail are weak i.e., under conditions of relative geomagnetic "quiet", (2) as a non-negligible component of disturbances, because externally applied electric fields dvive ionospheric electric currents, which in turn accelerate the neutral gas (Cole, 1962b) by the Lorentz force (J x B), otherwise known in the ionosphere as "ion drag".…”

Section: Of Poor Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A new theory of sources of Birkeland currents

Cole

1984

Magnetospheric Currents

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Joule Heating of the Upper Atmosphere

Cited by 216 publications

References 13 publications

Magnetic storm characteristics of the thermosphere

Magnetic storm characteristics of the thermosphere

Supersonic Neutral Winds in an Outer Atmosphere. I. Isothermal Conditions

A new theory of sources of Birkeland currents

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