Jordan’s Population-Based Food Consumption Survey: Protocol for Design and Development

Abstract

Background One of the factors influencing health and well-being is dietary patterns. Data on food consumption are necessary for evaluating and developing community nutrition policies. Few studies on Jordanians’ food consumption and dietary habits at various ages have been conducted, despite the increased prevalence of overweight, obesity, and chronic diseases. This will be the first study focusing on Jordanians’ food consumption patterns that includes children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. Objective This cross-sectional study aims to describe the design and methodology of the Jordan’s Population-based Food Consumption Survey, 2021-2022, which was developed to collect data on food consumption, including energy, nutrients, and food group intake, from a representative sample of Jordanians and to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity and their relationship to food consumption. Methods Participants were selected by stratified random sampling, using the Estimated Population of the Kingdom by Governorate, Locality, Sex, and Households, 2020 as the sampling frame. The food consumption survey sample was at the population level, representing gender and age classes (8-85 years old). The data collection period was 6 months. Food consumption was assessed using 24-hour dietary recall (2 nonconsecutive days, 1 week apart) interviews representing weekdays and weekends. In addition to data on food consumption, information on the use of food supplements, sociodemographic and socioeconomic status, and health was gathered. Weight, height, and waist circumference were all measured. Results The survey included 632 households with 2145 participants, of which 243 (11.3%) were children, 374 (17.4%) were adolescents, 1428 (66.6%) were adults, and 99 (4.6%) were older adults. Three food consumption databases were used to stratify the mean 24-hour dietary recall food consumption into energy intake, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fiber, vitamins and minerals, and food groups. BMI was calculated and classified as normal, overweight, or obese. Central obesity was classified as normal or abnormal based on the waist-to-height ratio. The survey results will be disseminated based on age, energy, nutrient, and food group consumption. The prevalence of overweight and obesity by age group will be presented, as well as a comparison to the situation in Eastern Mediterranean countries. Conclusions The survey data will be helpful in nutritional studies, assessing changes in dietary patterns, and developing and evaluating nutrition or health policies. It will be a solid base for developing a future national surveillance system on food consumption patterns with comprehensive food consumption, physical activity, biochemical, and blood pressure data. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/41636

Food consumption and adherence to dietary guidelines among Jordanian children and adolescents

“…A study protocol has been described in detail by Al-Shami et al (2023). 35 The current study included JPFCS children and adolescents divided into two age groups: children (8-12 years) and adolescents (13-19 years). Obtaining food intake for children under eight during the past 24 hours is challenging, especially while they are away from home (food eaten in kindergarten or daycare centers).…”

“…Obtaining food intake for children under eight during the past 24 hours is challenging, especially while they are away from home (food eaten in kindergarten or daycare centers). 35 As a result, data reliability is higher for children aged eight and above. Outlier values for participants' energy intake were calculated by excluding any value that increased or decreased by 2.5 standard deviations of the group mean, as outliers can significantly impact statistical analyses and skew the results of any hypothesis test if they are inaccurate.…”