Jojoba oil wax esters and derived fatty acids and alcohols: Gas chromatographic analyses

Abstract

HCl-cata]yzed ethanolysis followed by saponification readily surmounts the resistance of long chain wax esters to direct hydrolysis by alkali. Additionally, choosing ethyl instead of methyl esters allows baseline separations between long-chain alcohols and corresponding esters in gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis of total alcohol and acid components before saponification. Liquid wax esters were analyzed on a temperature-programmed 3% OV-1 silicone column. Geographical and genetic effects on the variability of jojoba oil composition were investigated with five different seed samples. Major constituents in jojoba seed oil from shrubs in the Arizona deserts, as indicated by GLC analyses of oil, ethanolysis product, isolated fatty alcohols and methyl esters of isolated fatty acids, were C40 wax ester 30%, C42 wax ester 50% and C44 wax ester 10%; octadecenoic acid 6%; eicosenoic acid 35%, docosenoic acid 7%, eicosenol 22%, docosenol 21% and tetracosenol 4%. Oil from smaller leaved prostrate plants growing along California's oceanside showed a slight tendency toward higher molecular size than oils from the California desert and Arizona specimens. The wax esters are made up of a disproportionately large amount of docosenyl eicosenoate and are not a random combination of constituent acids and alcohols. Lunaria annua synthetic wax ester oil was used as a model for evaluating the analytical procedures.

Purification of a Jojoba Embryo Wax Synthase, Cloning of its cDNA, and Production of High Levels of Wax in Seeds of Transgenic Arabidopsis

“…This desert shrub is unusual in that its seed storage lipids are waxes rather than the triacylglycerols (TAG) found in other plants. These waxes are esters of very-long-chain (chain lengths greater than 18 carbons), monounsaturated, fatty acids and fatty alcohols (Miwa, 1971). Wax synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of developing embryo cells using the oleic acid product of the plastidial fatty acid synthesis system (Ohlrogge et al, 1978;Pollard et al, 1979;Wu et al, 1981).…”

Physical and chemical characteristics and fatty acids composition of seeds oil isolated from Camelina sativa (L) cultivated in Mongolia

“…Gondoic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in a variety of plant oils and nuts. It is the main acid component of jojoba oil [10]. The percentage of total polyunsaturated fatty acids in Camelina sativa seeds oil was about 87.5%.…”

Lubricating Greases Based on Fatty By-Products and Jojoba Constituents

“…Where, m and n are between 8 to 12 (Miwa 1971(Miwa , 1980Spencer et al, 1977;Greene & Foster, 1933). They were the first to report that jojoba nuts contain about 46-50% of liquid oil which resembles sperm whale oil in its analytical characteristics.…”

“…The main components were eicosenoic and docosenoic acids and eicosanol and docosanol. Because of the problems of the high resistance of the oil to saponification, the difficulties in isolating pure fractions and the lack of convenient and reliable quantitative analytical techniques the characterization of jojoba oil was developed by Miwa (1971Miwa ( & 1980. Jojoba oil is unusually stable towards oxidation especially at high temperature.…”