“…Second are pathogens, most of which are extracellular, that cause cancer largely by eliciting chronic inflammation or immune suppression in their host. Inflammation increases cancer risk through several pathways, including by enhancing production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that damage DNA and producing various proliferative signals (Alibek, Kakpenova, & Baiken, ; Brennan & Garrett, ; Ewald & Swain Ewald, ; Graham, ). Immune suppression disrupts immune surveillance of cancer, resulting in broad increases in cancer risk (e.g., Schistosoma spp., HIV; Ewald & Swain Ewald, , , , ).…”