Joint exposure to air pollution, ambient temperature and residential greenness and their association with metabolic syndrome (MetS): A large population-based study among Chinese adults

Exploring Health Effects under Specific Causes of Mortality Based on 90 Definitions of PM2.5 and Cold Spell Combined Exposure in Shanghai, China

“…In this study, all-cause, circulatory, and respiratory mortality were significantly influenced by combined events. The joint effects between in air pollution and cold spell for all-cause mortality, nonaccidental mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, or mental disease were found in previous studies. ,,, When exposed to cold temperature or air pollution, the airway epithelium is irritated, which causes the body to respond with coughing, bronchoconstriction, and mucosal secretion. , Cold stress and PM 2.5 experiments in adulthood of mice showed that coexposure may promote the deterioration of asthma symptoms by increasing inflammatory cytokines, ROS formation, Th2/Th1 imbalance, and suppressing the differentiation of Th17 toward Treg cells. , Further deaths from respiratory disease will occur in sensitive individuals (e.g., elderly people, etc. ). , Although no joint effect research showed an association between combined events and circulatory mortality, the circulatory system remains one of the leading causes of death from cold spell events or air pollution events.…”

“…The joint effects between in air pollution and cold spell for all-cause mortality, nonaccidental mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, or mental disease were found in previous studies. 7,12,15,45 When exposed to cold temperature or air pollution, the airway epithelium is irritated, which causes the body to respond with coughing, bronchoconstriction, and mucosal secretion. 1,46 Cold stress and PM 2.5 experiments in adulthood of mice showed that coexposure may promote the deterioration of asthma symptoms by increasing inflammatory cytokines, ROS formation, Th2/Th1 imbalance, and suppressing the differentiation of Th17 toward Treg cells.…”

“…Research on air pollution or extreme temperatures and their health risks has long been conducted independently. , Indeed, the environment we are exposed is mixed with various environmental factors acting synergistically or antagonistically with one another. , Recently, researchers and policymakers have recommended focusing on the combined effects on the health of populations to better protect the public. − Because of the physical and kinetic properties of the air pollutants themselves, the formation, persistence, and dissipation of pollution are significantly influenced by meteorological conditions . Influenced by the East Asian monsoon, PM 2.5 pollution has obvious seasonal characteristics and is more frequent in winter. , When a cold spell occurs, the low temperature or sudden temperature drop creates a certain obstacle to particulate matter dispersion, resulting in PM 2.5 pollution and cold spell combined exposure events. ,, Although some studies have included temperature as a confounding factor in air pollutant analysis models, the combined effects have been little studied and have mostly focused on the combined effects of heat waves and air pollution. ,, The health effects of PM 2.5 and cold spell combined exposure need to be further explored.…”

Dietary patterns and the effect of long-term PM2.5 exposure on metabolic syndrome among Chinese adults: a cross-sectional study

“…The definition of MetS was based on the previous studies for Chinese adults [12,29]. For the Chinese population, MetS are defined as participants with a waist circumference of 90 cm for men or 80 cm for women, which is the primary condition.…”

“…Furthermore, experimental research has highlighted that PM 2.5 could induce cell death via different molecular patterns and multiple signaling pathways [11]. Therefore, studies for evaluating the association between long-term PM 2.5 exposure and the risk of MetS draw much attention in recent years [12,13]. However, existing findings from observational studies and meta-analyses have not shown consistent results [14,15].…”