Abstract:Abstract. In this paper a new approach to shell and tube heat exchanger optimization is presented based on the minimization of the life-cycle cost. The method allows the
“…The coupling of temperature distributions and biofouling has seldom been reported. A common approach used when designing heat exchangers subject to biofouling is to ignore the impact of temperature distributions, eg Caputo et al (2011). One of the aims of the present paper is to establish the error introduced by such simplifications.…”
Biofouling causes significant losses in efficiency in heat exchangers recovering waste heat from treated sewage. The influence of the temperature field on biofouling was investigated using a flat plate heat exchanger which simulated the channels in a plate and frame unit. The test surface was a 316 stainless steel plate, and a solution of Bacillus sp. and Aeromonas sp. was used as a model process liquid. The test cell was operated under co-current, counter-current, and constant wall temperature configurations, which gave different temperature distributions. Biofouling was monitored via changes in heat transfer and biofilm thickness. The effect of uniform temperature on biofouling formation was similar to the effect of uniform temperature on planktonic growth of the organisms. Further results showed that the temperature field, and particularly the wall temperature, influenced the rate of biofouling strongly. The importance of wall temperature suggests that fouling could be mitigated by using different configurations in summer and winter.
“…The coupling of temperature distributions and biofouling has seldom been reported. A common approach used when designing heat exchangers subject to biofouling is to ignore the impact of temperature distributions, eg Caputo et al (2011). One of the aims of the present paper is to establish the error introduced by such simplifications.…”
Biofouling causes significant losses in efficiency in heat exchangers recovering waste heat from treated sewage. The influence of the temperature field on biofouling was investigated using a flat plate heat exchanger which simulated the channels in a plate and frame unit. The test surface was a 316 stainless steel plate, and a solution of Bacillus sp. and Aeromonas sp. was used as a model process liquid. The test cell was operated under co-current, counter-current, and constant wall temperature configurations, which gave different temperature distributions. Biofouling was monitored via changes in heat transfer and biofilm thickness. The effect of uniform temperature on biofouling formation was similar to the effect of uniform temperature on planktonic growth of the organisms. Further results showed that the temperature field, and particularly the wall temperature, influenced the rate of biofouling strongly. The importance of wall temperature suggests that fouling could be mitigated by using different configurations in summer and winter.
“…The formation of these biofilms produces important modifications, since they alter the physical-chemical conditions at the metal-solution interface and form barriers for the exchange of elements between the metallic surface and the surrounding liquid medium [64]. Among the negative consequences, the decrease of the heat output of the heat exchangers and the lower durability of the construction materials of the equipment can be mentioned [65].…”
Section: Effects Produced By Biofouling In Heat Exchangersmentioning
A major problem in industries that use heat exchanger equipment cooled with water in their industrial processes is biofouling. In the design and operation of heat exchangers cooled with water, a coefficient of biological must be considered, which affects the efficiency of the equipment. For this reason, it is necessary to apply appropriate antifouling treatments to the design of each heat exchanger. In order to minimize the undesirable phenomenon of biofouling, various mitigation methods have been developed over the last 30 years, both online and offline, of a physical, chemical, or biological nature. Most of these methods are well contrasted and are applied in the regular operation of the facilities, although some methodology approaches are in the research and development phase. However, the application of most of these methods requires interrupting the production, periodically, in order to clean the biofouling, seriously damaging the performance and operation of the installation. The "online" methods to biofouling control are chemical (oxidizing, and non-oxidants), biological and physical treatments. Nowadays, other methodologies of biofouling mitigation that do not affect the environment are being investigated, although, until now, none have been found that are substitutes for chemical agents and that have the same or with higher efficiency.
“…The above-mentioned work mostly focused on the integration of design and system reliability, but it did not explicitly consider the physical degradation process nor the causal relationship between design decisions and degradation. Work done by Caputo et al (2011) on joint economic optimization of heat exchanger design and maintenance policy considered the interaction between design decisions of a heat exchanger and its degradation (fouling), but only examined traditional maintenance strategy and not the uncertainty associated with degradation. Honda and Antonsson (2007) proposed the notion of grey-scale reliability to capture system performance degradation and the time dependency of reliability.…”
Section: Design-maintenance Integrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…where R Ã f is an asymptotic fouling resistance value related to the cooling water velocity v c , tube inner diameter D i , and the kind of foulant, while b (year 21 ) is the reciprocal of the time constant. Empirical correlations used for R Ã f with calcium carbonate fouling and b are the following (Caputo et al, 2011):…”
Maintenance plays a critical role in reducing operating cost and maximizing reliability of a complex engineering system. This paper proposes a novel maintenance-focused, system-level design framework that attempts to capture the interactions between maintenance strategies and system-level design parameters overlooked in current modeling approaches. The goal of this maintenance-focused approach is to help designers better understand the interconnectedness of system architecture, choice of maintenance strategy, and uncertainties in a design. Application of the proposed design framework is demonstrated through a case example of a power plant condenser system. Results show that using an integrated approach can reveal the many nonobvious interactions between subsystems, and produce system designs that have lower life-cycle cost compared to traditional sequential design approaches.
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