“…Standard techniques for diagnosing infectious diseases include microscopy, tissue culture, ELISA, and PCR. These techniques have high cost, limited ability to differentiate pathogens, low speed, and poor detection threshold (Xiao and Smaisim, 2022;Mourad et al, 2022;Cheng et al, 2022;Smaisim et al, 2022b;Abderrahmane et al, 2022;Tan et al, 2022;Mir et al, 2022;Ruhani et al, 2022). At present, the molecular diagnosis of diseases is concentrated on recent advances in nanotechnology.…”