Joining the High-Strength Steel Sheets Used in Car Body Production

Kaščák, Ľuboš; Cmorej, Denis; Spišák, Emil; Slota, Ján

doi:10.12913/22998624/131739

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The authors considered that the weld created by the laser beam was narrow enough to achieve the behavior of all HAZ subzones as one heat-affected zone. This phenomenon was observed and confirmed by another investigation [2,13,16,18,19]. The effects of different heat inputs on the welding joints were investigated in a research paper [27].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…These steels enable usability in a wide range of industries including transportation vehicles, lifting devices (mobile cranes, lifting platforms), the oil and gas industry, automotive, shipbuilding, and shore constructions. The main advantage of HSLA steel application is reducing construction weight, e.g., a weight reduction of 60% is achieved by replacing conventional construction steel S355 with HSLA steel of grade S960MC [1][2][3][4][5]. HSLA steel consists of ferritic-perlite, ferrite-bainite, bainite, or martensitic (eventually annealed martensite) structure, thanks to which the desired properties are achieved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of CCT Diagram by Dilatometry Analysis of High-Strength Low-Alloy S960MC Steel

et al. 2022

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High-strength steels are used more than general structural steel due to their combination of properties such as high strength, good toughness and weldability. They are mainly used in the manufacture of heavy vehicles for the mining industry, cranes, transportation, etc. However, welding these grades of steel brings new challenges. Also, a simulation for welding high-strength steel is required more often. To insert a material database into the simulation program, it is necessary to conduct investigations using CCT (Continuous Cooling Transformation) diagrams, welded joints research, and more. To investigate the behavior of S960MC steel during heating and cooling, we used dilatometry analysis supported by EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction) analysis. A CCT diagram was constructed. The transformation temperatures of Ac1 and Ac3 increase with increasing heating rate. The Ac1 temperature increased by 54 °C and the Ac3 temperatures by 24 °C as the heating rate increased from 0.1 °C/s to 250 °C/s. The austenite decomposition temperatures have a decreasing trend in the cooling phase with increasing cooling rate. As the cooling rate changes from 0.03 °C/s to 100 °C/s, the initial transformation temperature drops from 813 °C to 465 °C. An increase in the cooling rate means a higher proportion of bainite and martensite. At the same time, the hardness increases from 119 HV10 to 362 HV10.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of CCT Diagram by Dilatometry Analysis of High-Strength Low-Alloy S960MC Steel

et al. 2022

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“…These are low-strength materials. HX340 steel sheets are a group of materials with increased strength that are increasingly used in car bodies [48].…”

Section: Strength and Failure Mechanism Of The "Cr" Jointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Tests of HX340 Microalloyed Steel Sheets Joined Using Clinch-Rivet Technology

Boda,

Mucha,

Witkowski

2024

Materials

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This paper presents the possibility of forming a pressed joint between two 1.5 mm thick sheets made of HX340 steel. The joint was formed using an additional deformable steel rivet with a hardness of 400HV1. Different distances of rivet pressing below the initial surface of the upper sheet were chosen: 0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 (in mm). For the mentioned rivet-pressing distances, forming tests were performed using an “SKB” die with three die depths: 1.45, 1.60 and 1.75 (in mm). Observations and measurements of the characteristic geometric dimensions of the interlock were made. Furthermore, the strength of the clinch-riveted joints was analysed. Changing the depth of the die by 20%, i.e., from hd = 1.45 mm to hd = 1.75 mm for the same rivet press-in depth (of = 0%), resulted in a 12% reduction in the forming-force value. The maximum load capacity of the joint in the shear test decreased by 3.5% for the mentioned joint variant. The greater the rivet press-in depth used in the joint (of), the greater the value of the interlock size (tu). Increasing the value of rivet-pressing depth below the initial surface of the upper sheet from 0 mm to 0.6 mm resulted in an increase in the size of the interlock (tu) by 136% (for hd = 1.45 mm), by 128% (for hd = 1.60 mm) and by 85% (for hd = 1.75 mm).

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“…The metal forming processes of deep drawing high-quality steel sheets are among the leading methods of producing finished components, especially in car body production [1,2]. The mass production of car body parts takes place almost exclusively using sheet metal forming processes [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Comparison of the Multi-Layer Artificial Neural Network Training Methods in Terms of the Predictive Quality of the Coefficient of Friction of 1.0338 (DC04) Steel Sheet

Trzepieciński

2024

Materials

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Friction is one of the main phenomena accompanying sheet metal forming methods, affecting the surface quality of products and the formability of the sheet metal. The most basic and cheapest way to reduce friction is to use lubricants, which should ensure the highest lubrication efficiency and at the same time be environmentally friendly. Due to the trend towards sustainable production, vegetable oils have been used in research as an alternative to petroleum-based lubricants. The analysis of friction in sheet metal forming requires an appropriate tribotester simulating the friction conditions in a specific area of the sheet metal being formed. Research has used a special strip drawing tribometer, enabling the determination the value of the coefficient of friction in the blankholder zone in the deep drawing process. Quantitative analysis of the friction phenomenon is necessary at the stage of designing the technological process and selecting technological parameters, including blankholder pressure. This article presents the results of friction testing of 1.0338 (DC04) steel sheets using a strip drawing test. The experimental tests involved pulling a strip of sheet metal between two countersamples with a rounded surface. The tests were carried out on countersamples with different levels of roughness for the range of contact pressures occurring in the blankholder zone in the deep drawing process (1.7–5 MPa). The values of the coefficient of friction determined under dry friction conditions were compared with the results for edible (corn, sunflower and rapeseed) and non-edible (Moringa, Karanja) vegetable lubricants. The tested oils are the most commonly used vegetable-based biolubricants in metal forming operations. Multi-layer artificial neural networks were used to determine the relationship between the value of the contact pressure, the roughness of the countersamples, the oil viscosity and density, and the value of the coefficient of friction. Rapeseed oil provided the best lubrication efficiency during friction testing for all of the tested samples, with an average surface roughness of Sa 0.44–1.34 μm. At the same time, as the roughness of the countersamples increased, a decrease in lubrication efficiency was observed. The lowest root mean squared error value was observed for the MLP-4-8-1 network trained with the quasi-Newton algorithm. Most of the analysed networks with different architectures trained using the various algorithms showed that the kinematic viscosity of the oil was the most important aspect in assessing the friction of the sheets tested. The influence of kinematic viscosity on the value of the coefficient of friction is strongly dependent on the surface roughness of the countersamples.

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Joining the High-Strength Steel Sheets Used in Car Body Production

Cited by 5 publications

References 22 publications

Determination of CCT Diagram by Dilatometry Analysis of High-Strength Low-Alloy S960MC Steel

Determination of CCT Diagram by Dilatometry Analysis of High-Strength Low-Alloy S960MC Steel

Performance Tests of HX340 Microalloyed Steel Sheets Joined Using Clinch-Rivet Technology

The Comparison of the Multi-Layer Artificial Neural Network Training Methods in Terms of the Predictive Quality of the Coefficient of Friction of 1.0338 (DC04) Steel Sheet

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