Joining of two materials by powder injection moulding

Abstract

Joining of components of cylindrical shape made of two materials chosen from Fe2Ni, 316L and M2 steels and manufactured by powder injection moulding (PIM) are studied in this paper. In general, joining of PIM cylindrical components requires that the to be joined outer part has a bigger shrinkage than the inner part during sintering. The sintered composite part consisting of Fe2Ni as outer layer and 316L as inner layer is a good example satisfying the above condition. Although the shrinkage of 316L and M2 are less than that of Fe2Ni, the composite parts with Fe2Ni as inner layer and 316L or M2 as outer layer can be successfully produced when different pretreatments are applied to Fe2Ni. Perfect diffusion joining without detectable pores in the vicinity of the bonding area is formed in Fe2Ni-1(or Fe2Ni-2)/316L(or M2) components. Diffusion of Cr and Ni elements has been verified by EDX analysis and it is shown that the diffusion accounts for the hardness of the transition zone.

Residual stresses in resistance spot welded steel joints

“…Modelling and experimentally verifying the durability of spot welds by taking into account the extensive interdependence between the residual stress states and the welding parameters, microstructure and the loading history is a complex problem and thus very few studies exist on the modelling and measurement of residual stresses in spot welds and its dependence on the above mentioned variables. 19,20 Some of the techniques that could be used in future research are briefly mentioned next.…”

“…However, modelling of spot welding is also a complex task, which is a multiphysics and multicoupled process involving interactions of thermal, electrical, mechanical and metallurgical phenomena. Zhang 19 schematically illustrated the complex interactions involved in the spot welding process, as shown in Fig. 5.…”

Sinter-Bonding of AISI 316L and 17-4 PH Stainless Steels

“…In the case of the sintered parts, besides universal joining techniques such as welding or brazing, sinter-bonding and sinter-brazing are increasingly used (Ref [3][4][5][6][7][8][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

“…It is also possible to joint green compact with part made of wrought material ( Ref 5,14). Sinter-bonding may be achieved by using different PM techniques such as conventional copressing and co-sintering ( Ref 6,[8][9][10]16), cold or hot isostatic pressing (HIP) (Ref 6), Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) (Ref 1) or co-injection molding (Ref [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. It is considered that copressing and co-sintering of two materials are a beneficial solution because of simple production and lower cost in comparison with other fabrication methods (with addition joining operation).…”

“…The sinter-bonding behavior was studied by several authors ( [13][14][15][16][18][19][20][21][23][24][25][26] The studies focused on the influence of the techniques and conditions of sinter-bonding on an interface formation between two materials as a result of co-sintering, the densification, an evolution of microstructure as well as the microstructural characterization in order to achieve the crack-free complex products. It can be stated that sintering conditions have a significant effect on the densification and the co-sintering behaviors.…”