Johanna Westerdijk: Pioneer Leader in Plant Pathology

Kerling, L. C. P.; Houten, J.G. ten; Bruin-Brink, G. de

doi:10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.000341

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This points to the notion that other environmental factors may influence the defense output of a plant and that effects of climate change on plant immunity should be studied by taking into account a more dynamic range of environmental parameters. This is in line with what the first Dutch female professor Johanna Westerdijk already stressed during her inaugural address at Utrecht University (Westerdijk 1917): it is important to study the physiology of both host and parasite in their environmental context (Kerling et al 1986).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…It is only since one and a half centuries that microbes have been recognized as causal agents of plant diseases. Early pioneers in plant pathology, such as Johanna Westerdijk who gave her inaugural address in 1917 at Utrecht University entitled BNew directions in phytopathological research^(Westerdijk 1917)laid the foundation of present-day plant pathology (Kerling et al 1986). Nowadays, plant pathogens are typically distinguished by their infection strategy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of atmospheric CO2 on plant defense against leaf and root pathogens of Arabidopsis

et al. 2019

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Climate change and the associated increase in atmospheric CO 2 levels may affect the severity of plant diseases and threaten future crop yields. Here, we compared responses of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to leaf and root pathogens with hemi-biotrophic or necrotrophic infection strategies under pre-industrial, current, and future atmospheric CO 2 conditions. Defenses against biotrophs are generally regulated by salicylic acid (SA) signaling, whereas jasmonic acid (JA) signaling controls defenses against necrotrophs. Under the CO 2 conditions tested, basal expression of the JA-responsive marker gene PDF1.2 increased at increasing CO 2 concentrations. The SA-responsive marker genes ICS1 and FRK1 showed an opposite behavior, being lower expressed under high CO 2 and higher expressed under low CO 2 , respectively. Accordingly, plants showed enhanced resistance to the necrotrophic leaf pathogen Botrytis cinerea under high CO 2 , while resistance to the hemi-biotrophic leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato was reduced. The opposite was true for plants grown under low CO 2. Disease severity caused by the soil-borne pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. raphani and Rhizoctonia solani was similar under all CO 2 conditions tested. Collectively, our results stress the notion that atmospheric CO 2 impacts the balance between SA-and JAdependent defenses and concomitant resistance against foliar (hemi)biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. The direction of the CO 2-mediated effects on SA-and JAmediated defenses varies between reported studies, suggesting that the defense output is influenced by environmental context. These findings highlight that a wider dynamic range of climate change parameters should be studied simultaneously to harness plant traits for the development of future climate-resilient crops.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of atmospheric CO2 on plant defense against leaf and root pathogens of Arabidopsis

et al. 2019

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“…After the retirement of Westerdijk in 1952, the new director of the WCS laboratory, Prof. Louise Kerling, continued the fundamental work on the Dutch elm disease, (Kerling et al 1986). An important result was the finding of a 'vaccine' comprised of spores of Verticillium alboatrum.…”

Section: The Central Role Of Johanna Westerdijk In Dutch Phytopatholomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By using filtered plant extract, she showed that the disease could not be caused by bacteria or fungi but by a novel virus. Other coworkers studied fungal diseases and mechanisms of fungicides in a variety of crops with always in mind to find a solution for a practical problem by exploiting a scientific and experimental approach (see refs in Kerling et al 1986;Zadoks and Van Bruggen 2008).…”

Section: The Central Role Of Johanna Westerdijk In Dutch Phytopatholomentioning

confidence: 99%

Johanna Westerdijk (1881–1961) – the impact of the grand lady of phytopathology in the Netherlands from 1917 to 2017

et al. 2019

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One century ago, on February 10, 1917, Johanna Westerdijk delivered her inaugural speech at Utrecht University entitled "New directions in phytopathological research". By doing so, she became the very first female professor in the Netherlands and set the stage for many female professors who followed her example. Besides her remarkable performance as a role model for women in science, Johanna Westerdijk was also a pioneer in the global science field of phytopathology, which rapidly emerged at the end of the 19 th century and reached maturity during the course of her scientific career. The start of phytopathology Since the beginning of agriculture more than 10,000 years ago, a narrow range of plant species was cultivated for food production. Early crop varieties with

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“…15 The laboratory had been left financially devastated by the former director who took the lab's resources (a statesubsidized contract for crop protection and the journal for phytopathology) with him to a newly founded institute at the School of Agriculture at Wageningen (Kerling et al 1986;Löhnis 1963;Kerling 1969). 15 The laboratory had been left financially devastated by the former director who took the lab's resources (a statesubsidized contract for crop protection and the journal for phytopathology) with him to a newly founded institute at the School of Agriculture at Wageningen (Kerling et al 1986;Löhnis 1963;Kerling 1969).…”

Section: Johanna Westerdijk (1882-1963): Challenges and Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women and Science in the Netherlands: A Dutch Case?

Bosch

2002

Science in Context

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ArgumentA recent comparative study of women in science has revealed that the situation in the Netherlands is worse than in other European countries. This raises the question whether there is a “Dutch case” concerning women’s standing in science. We argue that the cause is not to be found in a special brand of Dutch Protestantism, with its strong emphasis on motherhood and the family, and impact on labor patterns and social organization. Rather, we should take another look at religion, and especially at the specific Dutch segmentation of society along religious and political lines, called verzuiling, literally “pillarization.” From about 1880 until far into the 1950s the personal and social life of the Dutch (from schools to sports and ladies' organizations) was organized into four recognized pillars (a Protestant, Catholic, socialist and a liberal pillar), which at the top were represented in political parties. This article brings to light the often overlooked fact that between 1880 and 1945 state institutions, such as universities, were thoroughly pillarized, which strongly influenced recruitment and selection for those institutions. That is to say, no woman was appointed to the rank of full professor at any state university until after 1945. The Dutch case might also be explained by the many reorganizations and down-sizings of universities of more recent years that occurred simultaneous with the expansion of academic feminism. In addition, a newly configured “pillarization” has driven deep divides between gender studies scholars, equal opportunities officers, and women scientists.But even in the long-industrialized European countries, the story has not been one of automatic growth and progress. Thus … in the Netherlands … there too the situation for women academics has deteriorated over the past two decades. Where in 1970 there were 2.7 per cent women professors, by 1980 this was down to 2.2 per cent and by 1988 to 2.1 per cent. (Rose 1994)

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Johanna Westerdijk: Pioneer Leader in Plant Pathology

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

Effect of atmospheric CO2 on plant defense against leaf and root pathogens of Arabidopsis

Effect of atmospheric CO2 on plant defense against leaf and root pathogens of Arabidopsis

Johanna Westerdijk (1881–1961) – the impact of the grand lady of phytopathology in the Netherlands from 1917 to 2017

Women and Science in the Netherlands: A Dutch Case?

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