Joey: A “Mechanical Boy”

Bettelheim, Bruno

doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0359-116

Cited by 65 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Early psychodynamic theories of the aetiology of autism (i.e. effects of poor parental care, the so‐called ‘refrigerator mother’ theory championed by Bruno Bettelheim) , have largely been replaced with genetic ones, in light of epidemiological studies revealing the extremely high heritability of autism . The identification of over 600 protein‐coding genes implicated in the aetiology of the disorder has fostered remarkable advances in our understanding of disease pathogenesis by enabling the generation of genetically modified model mice, which recapitulate these human genetic disruptions, and offer good construct validity for the disorder .…”

Section: Implications For Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Oxytocin: Parallel Processing in the Social Brain?

Dölen

2015

J Neuroendocrinology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Early studies attempting to disentangle the network complexity of the brain exploited the accessibility of sensory receptive fields to reveal circuits made up of synapses connected both in series and in parallel. More recently, extension of this organisational principle beyond the sensory systems has been made possible by the advent of modern molecular, viral and optogenetic approaches. Here, evidence supporting parallel processing of social behaviours mediated by oxytocin is reviewed. Understanding oxytocinergic signalling from this perspective has significant implications for the design of oxytocin‐based therapeutic interventions aimed at disorders such as autism, where disrupted social function is a core clinical feature. Moreover, identification of opportunities for novel technology development will require a better appreciation of the complexity of the circuit‐level organisation of the social brain.

show abstract

Section: Implications For Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Oxytocin: Parallel Processing in the Social Brain?

Dölen

2015

J Neuroendocrinology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Arguably, the human aftermath of regimentation in modern city-form has been, indeed, automatism in behavioral patterns (e.g. Bettelheim, 1959).…”

Section: The Zen Garden and The Castlementioning

confidence: 99%

Femininity and Masculinity in City-Form: Philosophical Urbanism as a History of Consciousness

Akkerman

2006

Hum Stud

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mutual feedback between human-made environments and facets of thought throughout history has yielded two myths: the Garden and the Citadel. Both myths correspond to Jung's feminine and masculine collective subconscious, as well as to Nietzsche's premise of Apollonian and Dionysian impulses in art. Nietzsche's premise suggests, furthermore, that the feminine myth of the Garden is time-bound whereas the masculine myth of the Citadel, or the Ideal City, constitutes a spatial deportment. Throughout history the two myths have continually molded the built environment and thought, but the myth of the Ideal City -from Plato to Descartes to modernity -came to dominate city-form and ensuing aspects of contemplation. This relationship seems to have shifted during the twentieth century. Intellectual dispositions have begun to be largely nurtured by an incongruous city-form emerging from the gap between the incessant promise for an automated, well-functioning city, on the one hand, and looming alienation, coupled with the factual, malfunctioning city, on the other hand. Urban decay, a persisting and time-bound urban event that is a byproduct of this configuration, suggests the ascent of the Garden myth in post-modern city-form.

show abstract

“…The same principle may apply to the splitting of machines and men. But as the poignant case of Joey -'a mechanical boy' -reported by Bruno Bettelheim (1959), shows, some people may find refuge in machines where others find refuge in the world of other human beings. Unloved and rejected by his parents and starved of all human contact, Joey repudiated the human world altogether and came to imagine himself as a machine -ruled by mechanical routines and needs, and bereft of feeling.…”

Section: Anthropomorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Familiar And Foreign Bodies: A Phenomenological Exploration Of The Human‐Technology Interface

Jackson¹

2002

Royal Anthropological Inst

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article examines some of the ways in which our experiences of, and interactions with, new technologies are grounded in the strategies and metaphors of reciprocity that govern everyday social life.Though I follow others in arguing that technology and society cannot be separated, I explore this interrelationship intersubjectively, looking first at some of the ways in which people relate to computers, then analysing the experiences of transplant recipients. I summarize my findings as a critique of the view that anthropomorphism is a quintessentially pre-modern phenomenon, and as a challenge to the idea that innovations in gene technology and cyber-technology presage a universal and inevitable dissolution of the boundaries between nature and culture, humans and machines.Most current debates about new technologies attempt to decide whether the innovations are good or bad, or how they may be regulated. The discourse is thus either ethical or governmental. But in focusing on how the effects of new technologies may be evaluated and managed, these debates often leave unexplored the more immediately empirical issue of how we actually experience and interact with technologies, and how our attitudes towards them are linked to perennial human anxieties about the strange, the new, and the other. My thesis in this article is an existential one. I take it as axiomatic that all human beings need to have a hand in choosing their lives, and to be recognized as having an active part to play in the shaping of their social worlds. As a corollary, I approach the meaning of what people say and do in terms of the degree to which they accomplish a balance between controlling their own fate, collective or otherwise, and accepting that which cannot be decided by human will or subjected to human designs. To define meanings without reference to this intersubjective dynamic is, in my view, practically meaningless.Thus, an anthropology of 'human-machine interaction' is unedifying while it insists that human intersubjectivity is reducible to cognitive schemata and communicative 'rationality' (e.g. Suchman 1987: 1).Over the last twenty years, several scholars have demonstrated that technology and society are intimately interconnected. Inspired by Heidegger's famous 1954 lecture on technology, Ihde's seminal Technics and praxis (1979) argued that '[h]uman-machine relations are existential relations in which our fate and destiny are implicated, but which are subject to the very ambiguity

show abstract

Joey: A “Mechanical Boy”

Cited by 65 publications

References 0 publications

Oxytocin: Parallel Processing in the Social Brain?

Oxytocin: Parallel Processing in the Social Brain?

Femininity and Masculinity in City-Form: Philosophical Urbanism as a History of Consciousness

Familiar And Foreign Bodies: A Phenomenological Exploration Of The Human‐Technology Interface

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About