Job Shift of The Indonesian International Return Migrant in Central Java Province

Abstract

This study aims to explain: (i) shift jobs in Indonesian International Return Migrant (IIRM) between before and after becoming a international migrant; (ii) migrant jobs in the destination country and after returning to Indonesia; and (iii) duration of time as IIRM and number of countries of work. This study uses a theoretical framework of needs and stress theory. This study uses survey design and case studies and selected the location of studies in the Central Java. The determination of the sample size of this study uses the Krejcie and Morgan techniques. Based on the calculation results, the number of respondents in this study was 313 respondents. The number of informants for this study was 60 people. Data collection uses structured interview methods, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Data analysis uses descriptive statistical analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. The analysis showed that a significant shift in migrant worker occurred in the employment of labor who switched to trade, before working abroad as much as 22.7% to 9.3% and the trade sector from 4.8% to 20.4%, in addition to the agricultural sector (8.6% to 11.8%) and services (2.9% to 6.1%). The duration of time for migrants working abroad for more than 4 years is 50.8%. The main objective of international migration for Indonesian migrants is Southeast Asia, 38% and second, East Asia, which is almost 29%. The employment sector that absorbs the most labor in various destination countries is domestic work (69%), which includes 60% of domestic work (household work) and 8% in nursing homes. In addition, migrants work in the plantation sector, which is 6.5%. These three jobs are known as smelly, heavy and dangerous (S.H.D) or in Indonesia as bau, berat, bahaya (3B), which are usually a relatively for work force segment of low education.

Influence of social structures on transnational migration duration: the case of Vietnamese contract workers returning from Taiwan

“…The duration of migration in studies about Indonesia is briefly mentioned in previous studies (Hartono, 2021; Saguin, 2020; Chang, 2021; Yuniarto, 2016). Suyanto (2020) found 18.5% of 313 Indonesian respondents worked for less than 2 years abroad. We expect that using practice theory would help to understand contract workers’ duration of migration in other contexts such as Indonesia.…”

“…For the case of Indonesia, previous studies gave a mixed picture about the duration of migration amongst Indonesian contract workers. Suyanto (2020) found 18.5% of his 313 respondents worked for less than 2 years abroad. Reasons for a short period working abroad could be the death of employer, low pay and unreasonable working hours, occupation accidents, sexual harassment and unpaid salaries (Hartono, 2021; Saguin, 2020; Chang, 2021; Yuniarto, 2016).…”