Job Accessibility of the Poor in Los Angeles

Hu, Lingqian

doi:10.1080/01944363.2015.1042014

Cited by 76 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Three other cross-sectional studies in US metropolitan areas found positive associations between better public transport or car job accessibility and youth employment rates (Ellwood, 1986, Raphael, 1998, and average weeks worked in (only) poor areas (Sanchez, 1999). Two studies in more cardependent US metropolitan areas found no significant association between (changes in) public transport job accessibility and employment rates (Hu, 2015), and between car job accessibility and workers per capita at Census-level (Gao et al, 2008), while Hu and Giuliano (2014) used an IVapproach and did find positive effects of public transport job accessibility on employment rates in poor neighbourhoods. Other European studies also found positive associations between better public transport or car job accessibility and unemployment durations in the Paris metropolitan region, (Duguet et al, 2009), and with increased employment rates in central municipalities and among loweducated workers in Sweden Borjesson, 2012, Norman et al, 2017).…”

Section: Studies Using Car or Public Transport Job Accessibility Measuresmentioning

confidence: 94%

Does transport help people to gain employment? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence

2020

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The role of transport in providing access to employment has received considerable attention. Since transport policies may be motivated by assumed effects on employment probability outcomes, it is important to establish the nature of the relationship between transport and employment outcomes. While the majority of the empirical evidence suggests a positive association, it is not conclusive or consistent and often shows mixed results. To address this confusion, our study has systematically reviewed this evidence base and synthesised it through meta-analysis.We first identified 93 studies that quantitatively assessed the impact of transport on employment outcomes. By systematically merging the empirical evidence, this study establishes a positive association between transport and employment outcomes, with varying effects for four identified categories of transport measures (or combinations thereof): car ownership, public transport access, commute times, and job accessibility levels. This positive association persists in studies that control for endogeneity between transport and employment, but a larger evidence base is needed to establish a more robust relationship, in particular for cities and smaller (rural) areas outside the US-context and with regard to public transport.We then selected 20 methodologically comparable studies for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Our meta-regression models clearly demonstrate that car ownership significantly increases individual employment probabilities, in particular among welfare recipients. Young drivers benefit from access to household cars when these are not in use by their parents, and they are more sensitive to the time and cost implications of longer commutes. While our systematic review suggests that better access to public transport and higher levels of job accessibility increases employment probabilities, metaregression analysis requires more consistent transport measures. The findings in this study are important for policymakers in that they imply that job seekers may benefit from public policies targeted at improving their access to public transport, in particular for people without access to cars and in areas with fewer job opportunities.

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Section: Studies Using Car or Public Transport Job Accessibility Measuresmentioning

confidence: 94%

Does transport help people to gain employment? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence

2020

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“…Still, the mechanisms that shape mismatch remain open to debate. Though early proponents emphasised the centrality of suburbanisation, more recent work presents mixed findings about the relationship between suburban living and spatial mismatch (Hu, 2015; Schneider and Phelan, 1990; Stoll and Covington, 2012). For example, residential segregation from whites among black and Hispanic panethnic groups continues to be correlated with spatial mismatch, even after accounting for the suburbanisation of employment (Stoll and Covington, 2012).…”

Section: Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial mismatch beyond black and white: Levels and determinants of job access among Asian and Hispanic subpopulations

Easley

2017

Urban Studies

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United States (US) based research suggests that distance between residency and employment constrains labour market outcomes for black Americans. Work on this phenomenon, termed spatial mismatch, suggests that residential segregation from whites shapes labour market outcomes among blacks by restricting access to job-dense suburbs. However, few studies examine patterns and drivers of spatial mismatch among Asian and Hispanic subpopulations. Using data on job counts from the 2010 Zip Code Business Patterns data set and on population counts from the 2010 US decennial Censuses, I estimate spatial mismatch for the largest ethnoracial groups in the USA: black, white, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese Americans. To measure spatial mismatch, I create indices of dissimilarity between jobs and residency for all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) with available data. Estimates of spatial mismatch based on panethnic categories mask subpopulation heterogeneity. Most subgroups experience higher spatial mismatch than indicated by the panethnic category. The results also show novel racial differences: the average Vietnamese and Cuban American experience higher spatial mismatch than the average black American. Segregation from whites is a central predictor of exposure to spatial mismatch across all minority groups, though findings suggest that this relationship is not driven by suburbanisation.

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“…In explaining this issue, Kain (1968) proposed SMH. According to SMH, two main factors, namely, the outward shift of job opportunities and the discrimination against minority groups in the suburban housing market, created significant spatial disconnection from job opportunities for African American residing in the inner cities, thereby causing a damaging impact on their employment outlook (Holzer, 1991;Hu, 2015). Due to such disadvantages, Black job seekers in inner cities who find it difficult to either relocate or travel a long distance to work in suburbs on a daily basis may therefore compete for limited jobs within their local neighbourhoods.…”

Section: Residential Segregation Spatial Mismatch and Job Accessimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spatial mismatch is essentially an issue of accessibility because the prospect of employment depends on "the land-use arrangements of housing and jobs, the location of competing workers in filling a job and the effectiveness of transportation infrastructure and services" (Grengs, 2010, p. 43). Similarly, Hu (2015) employed the concept of accessibility of job opportunities due to land use, job demand, and transport resources to capture spatial mismatch. Following these scholars, we defined job accessibility as the spatial distribution of job opportunities and the ease of reaching them through a given transportation system.…”

Section: Measurement Of Job Accessibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of job accessibility on local residential segregation of ethnic minorities: A study of Hong Kong

Sui

Luo

2020

Population Space and Place

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Previous research has shown that spatial mismatch between residential location and employment opportunities acts as a key influencing factor in employment outcomes for ethnic minorities living in segregated neighbourhoods. However, the effect of job accessibility on residential choice and segregation of ethnic minorities and its relevance to spatial mismatch across different minority groups has not been fully captured, especially in high-density, transit-oriented cities.

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Job Accessibility of the Poor in Los Angeles

Cited by 76 publications

References 73 publications

Does transport help people to gain employment? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence

Does transport help people to gain employment? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence

Spatial mismatch beyond black and white: Levels and determinants of job access among Asian and Hispanic subpopulations

The influence of job accessibility on local residential segregation of ethnic minorities: A study of Hong Kong

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