Job Accessibility and Underemployment

Abstract

Mass transit promoters in Atlanta suggested that inner city underemployment could be reduced by improving the accessibility of workers to jobs. In Atlanta, the distribution of underemployment, measured by income below the poverty line or less than full-time employment, is better explained by skill levels, discrimination, and socioeconomic circumstance than by accessibility to jobs. At every level of accessibility underemployment is worst among female heads of families, mostly black, poorly educated, with several children. Underemployment could better be tackled through job training, placement, and child care programs than through new transit development programs. KEY WORDS: Employment decentralization, Potential model, Transit planning, Underemployment.INCE World War I1 there has been a de-S cided redistribution of prosperous white population to the suburbs, leaving inner city areas increasingly poor and black. Many central city employers went out of business, new firms opened in the suburbs, and a sizable number of established companies relocated in the urban periphery. A majority of the new jobs created during the past decade in the United States have been outside central cities.l These shifts of residences and companies have triggered a controversy over whether the redistribution of jobs from central city to suburban areas aggravates the employment problems of the poor, and especially the poor blacks, who remain concentrated in the inner city. Kain hypothesized that immobile inner city black workers are forced to seek employment close to their residences, yet Mooney, Deskins, and Wheeler offered contradictory evidence.2 Pilot transportation projects which connected

Changes in Accessibility to Employment in an Urban Area: Milwaukee, 1927–1963

“…Levels of employment accessibility in Milwaukee were inversely related to various measures of the status of population and housing in the districts, which was not surprising given the observed decline of accessibility with distance from the center. This is comparable to the results obtained for Atlanta by Bederman and Adams [2]. 4 shows that the lower-status areas suffered the greatest declines in employment accessibility, while the higher-status areas experienced the greatest improvements.…”

Assessment of Urban Deprivation Regarding Women-Friendly City Planning Concept: Case Study of Çiğli

“…Pek çok ülkede 1960'lardan itibaren kentsel yoksunlukla mücadelede alan odaklı çalışmalar yapılmaktadır (Bkz. Bederman, 1974;Bentham, 1985;Broadway, 1987;Broadway ve Snyder, 1987;Dickenson vd., 1972;Flynn vd., 1972;Holtermann, 1975;Lyon ve Newman, 1986;Morrill ve Wohlenberg, 1971;Pacione, 1986;Sim, 1984;Smith, 1973;Smith, 1979).…”

The Influence of Education on Subjective Underemployment: Research on Multinational Corporations in Romania

“…A different school of scientific thought in what concerns the efforts to tackle perception of underemployment focuses on post-scholar decision-making. Bederman and Adams (1974) suggest that the feeling of underemployment should be combatted by on-the-job training or better placement of employees by recruiters, while Anstätt and Volkert (2016) urge business managers to implement Corporate Social Responsibility decisions at the wider levels of the organization in order to combat underemployment. Görg and Strobl's (2003) argument that underemployment is specific for second world and third world economies is also backed up by findings of this research.…”