Job Access, Commute and Travel Burden among Welfare Recipients

Ong, Paul M.; Blumenberg, Evelyn

doi:10.1080/0042098985087

Cited by 185 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…We therefore have to take into account the quality of the connection in terms of the average travelling speed on each road segment. To handle the geographical detail and the measurement of travelling times over the road network, the choice of a geographical information system has become popular in spatial mismatch research (Hanson et al, 1997;Ong and Blumenberg, 1998). We used Flowmap, a network-oriented GIS-extension developed at the Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Utrecht University (De Jong and Floor, 1993) to calculate the number of jobs within 30 minutes by car, using a fastest-path algorithm.…”

Section: Measuring the Job Access Of Residential Locationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Flexibility in Job Mobility: Macrolevel Opportunities and Microlevel Restrictions

2001

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Disequilibria among regional labour markets persist through spatial inflexibility in job mobility resulting from restrictions in migration and long-distance commuting. This contribution analyses workplace mobility—the acceptance of a job at a great distance from the place of residence—using a direct measure which includes both migration and long commutes as means for covering this distance. Two sources of spatial inflexibility are identified. The first is a low overall chance of general job mobility; the second is a limited search area leading to low workplace mobility. In a two-step analysis we show that workers who find another job are a highly selective group. Within this group the variation in accepting a job at a great distance is wide, because of the individual restrictions that are often gendered. We also show that ample availability of job opportunities stimulates general job mobility and reduces workplace mobility, but only after controlling for individual restrictions. These findings are in line with the spatial mismatch hypothesis.

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Section: Measuring the Job Access Of Residential Locationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Flexibility in Job Mobility: Macrolevel Opportunities and Microlevel Restrictions

2001

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“…This is why some authors prefer the expression spatial/skill mismatch to depict more accurately the spatial disconnection between the residential locations of inner-city minorities and the locations of the low-skilled suburban jobs they could occupy (see Ong and Blumenberg, 1998;Immergluck, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanisms of Spatial Mismatch

2007

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Summary. The spatial mismatch hypothesis (SMH) argues that low-skilled minorities residing in US inner cities experience poor labour market outcomes because they are disconnected from suburban job opportunities. This assumption gave rise to an abundant empirical literature, which is rather supportive of the SMH. Surprisingly, it is only recently that theoretical models have emerged, which probably explains why the mechanisms of spatial mismatch have long remained unclear and not properly tested. This article presents relevant facts, reviews the theoretical models of spatial mismatch, confronts their predictions with available empirical results and indicates which mechanisms deserve further empirical tests.

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“…Even for workers residing in suburban communities, the spatially diffuse patterns of suburban economies may be more amenable to commuting by private auto rather than public transit. 1 In light of these considerations, several researchers have argued for public policy that encourages car-ownership among the low and moderately-skilled (Ong 1996, Ong & Blumenberg 1998, O'Regan & Quigley 1998. In particular, Ong & Blumenberg (1998) suggest that such policies should be an integral component of programs intended to move welfare recipients into sustainable employment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Car ownership, employment, and earnings

Raphael

Rice

2002

Journal of Urban Economics

185

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for many helpful comments. We are especially grateful to Michael Provence for first suggesting the empirical strategy pursued here. This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation, SBR-9709197 and a grant from the Joint Center for Poverty Research. AbstractIn this paper, we attempt to assess whether the positive effects of car ownership on employment outcomes observed in past research are causal. We match state-level data on average car insurance premiums and average per-gallon gas taxes to a nationally representative microdata sample containing information on car ownership and employment outcomes comparable to the those explored in previous research. In OLS regressions that control for observable demographic and human capital variables, we find large differences in employment rates, weekly hours worked, and hourly earnings between those with and without cars. Instrumenting car ownership on insurance and gas tax costs yields estimates of the employment and hours effects of car ownership that are quite close to the OLS estimates. Concerning wages, the IV models yield negative effects of car ownership on wages. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that employers located in states with high auto maintenance costs must pay compensating differentials to their employees. When we stratify the sample by skill groupings, we find positive significant employment and hours effects for all skill groups, with larger car-employment effects for low-skilled workers and comparable hours effects across skill categories. Again, the IV results for wages yield negative effects that are insignificant for low-and mediumskilled workers and significant for high-skilled workers. JEL Codes: E24, J22, J61, R411 Suburban land use is often governed by zoning laws dictating strict separation of uses --e.g., physical separation of residential from commercial or industrial uses of land --and limiting density through such mechanisms as restrictions on building-height, parking-availability and, for housing, minimum lot sizes (Fischel 1985). Such laws spatially diffuse suburban labor demand, creating multiple employment centers rarely within walking distance of housing and difficult to service by public transit.

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Job Access, Commute and Travel Burden among Welfare Recipients

Cited by 185 publications

References 18 publications

Spatial Flexibility in Job Mobility: Macrolevel Opportunities and Microlevel Restrictions

Spatial Flexibility in Job Mobility: Macrolevel Opportunities and Microlevel Restrictions

The Mechanisms of Spatial Mismatch

Car ownership, employment, and earnings

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