“…43,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] Examples of bottom-up approaches include chemical deposition, [60][61][62][63][64][65][66] layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition, 52,53,57,60,62 hydrogen bonding, 67 and colloidal assemblies. 35,43,59,[68][69][70] There are also methods based on the combination of both bottom-up and top-down approaches, for example, casting of polymer solution and phase separation, 71 and electrospinning. 63,[72][73][74] In the following section, different approaches are addressed in detail.…”