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Maternal and paternal influences on childhood anxiety symptoms: A genetically sensitive comparison

“…These parent-focussed programmes assume that children of anxious parents have not only an inherited risk for anxiety, but also an environmental risk from anxious rearing behaviours. Support for this assumption comes from twin studies, which consistently demonstrate shared environmental influences on child anxiety symptoms in preschool children (Eley et al, 2003(Eley et al, , 2000 and 8-17 year olds (Ogliari et al, 2010;Spatola, Rende, & Battaglia, 2010;Zavos, Rijsdijk, & Eley, 2012). These studies also showed that the non-shared environment shapes anxiety symptoms.…”

The latent structure of emerging cognitive abilities: an infant twin study.

“…Genetic correlations among cognitive abilities, extending beyond g, also suggest a generalized effect of genes (Davis et al, 2008), which led to the formulation of the so-called generalist genes hypothesis (Kovas & Plomin, 2006). However, studies on younger children show less covariance between verbal and non-verbal cognitive abilities, suggesting that these different domains of cognition might be less interdependent in early development (Hoekstra et al, 2007;Price et al, 2004;Price et al, 2000;but see Spinath et al, 2003) and that the generalized genetic contribution to cognition might not be fully developed until middle childhood.…”