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Lurz, P. W. W.; Rushton, SP; Wauters, La; Bertolino, Sandro; Currado, I.; Mazzoglio, Peter John; Shirley, Mark

doi:10.1023/a:1017508711713

Cited by 79 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A variety of studies have projected the range of grey squirrels at the local or country scale using spatially explicit population dynamics models and the vegetation distribution or land cover [41,[48][49][50][51], with climatic change receiving little attention, although vegetation distribution or land cover used in spatially explicit population dynamics models may be affected by climate changes [52][53][54]. As a result, the grey squirrel and red squirrel distribution patterns were closely associated with vegetation distribution or land cover [55,56].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Future Range Dynamics Suggest Increasing Threats of Grey Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) against Red Squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in Europe: A Perspective on Climatic Suitability

Nie

Yang

Feng

2023

Forests

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Interactions between the introduced gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and the native red squirrel (S. vulgaris) play an important role in the ecological equilibrium of European forest ecosystems. However, the range dynamics of the grey squirrel and red squirrel under future climate change scenarios remain unknown. The present study examined the range dynamics of grey squirrels and red squirrels in Europe and their range overlap now and in the future based on climate change. Under the most optimistic climate change scenario (SSP126), expansion of the grey squirrel’s range was mainly predicted in Germany, France, Croatia, Serbia, and Bulgaria. Under the most pessimistic climate change scenario (SSP585), expansion of the grey squirrel’s range was predicted in vast and scattered regions. Additionally, France, Italy, and Germany were overlapping ranges for the grey squirrel and red squirrel in the future under the SSP126 scenario but not under the current conditions, suggesting that there will be new regions where grey squirrels may threaten red squirrels in the future under SSP126. The range overlaps under the SSP585 scenario but not under the current conditions were vast and scattered, suggesting that there will be new regions in the future where grey squirrel may displace red squirrels under SSP585. Despite considerable variation, we detected expansions in the grey squirrel and red squirrel ranges and an increase in overlapping ranges between grey squirrels and red squirrels in the future. Therefore, our prediction suggests increasing threats of grey squirrels toward red squirrels in Europe in the future under climate change, which may impact the ecological equilibrium of European forest ecosystems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, many studies have explored the range dynamics or distribution patterns of grey squirrels [41,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. These studies have promoted our understanding of the spatial patterns of grey squirrels and threats against red squirrels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Range Dynamics Suggest Increasing Threats of Grey Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) against Red Squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in Europe: A Perspective on Climatic Suitability

Nie

Yang

Feng

2023

Forests

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“…Grey squirrels were introduced into Piedmont in northern Italy in 1948. Subsequent introductions into Genoa in the 1960s and translocations into Lombardy in the late 1990s have led to further grey squirrel expansion southwards into central Italy as well as northwards across the Po plain, where future expansion into France and Switzerland is a real possibility (Lurz et al 2001;Martinoli et al 2010;Signorile et al 2014). This increase in grey squirrel range in Italy has led to a corresponding reduction in red squirrel density and highlights the need for public information campaigns that detail the risks and consequences of translocations to native wildlife and forestry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural strongholds for red squirrel conservation in Scotland

Slade¹,

White²,

Kortland³

et al. 2021

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The Eurasian Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) is under threat from the invasive North American eastern Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) with 80% of the remaining red squirrel populations in the British Isles found in Scotland. In this study we develop a spatially explicit mathematical model of the red and grey squirrel system and use it to assess the population viability of red squirrels across Scotland. In particular, we aim to identify existing forests – natural strongholds for red squirrels – that can successfully support red squirrels under UK Forestry Standard management and protect them from potential disease-mediated competition from grey squirrels. Our model results indicate that if current levels of grey squirrel control, which restrict or reduce the distribution of grey squirrels, are continued then there will be large expanses of forests in northern Scotland that support viable red squirrel populations. Model results that represent (hypothetical) scenarios where grey squirrel control no longer occurred indicated that grey squirrel range expansion and the process of red squirrel replacement would be slow. Model results for an assumed worst-case scenario where grey squirrels have expanded to all regions in Scotland identified forest regions – denoted natural strongholds – that could currently support red squirrels under UK Forestry Standard management practice. The results will be used to inform forest management policy and support a strategic review of red squirrel management by land management agencies and other stakeholders.

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“…This led to the further development and application of spatially explicit, individual-based, population dynamics models, linked to "real-landscapes", used to explore the risk of SQPV spread along a network of woodlands and dispersal corridors into Kielder Forest, Northumberland (the first English Squirrel reserve; Gurnell et al, 2006). Similar models have also been used to simulate the likely gray squirrel expansion in Italy (Lurz et al, 2001;Tattoni et al, 2005Tattoni et al, , 2006Bertolino et al, 2008), as well as Ireland, and to inform disease, habitat and gray squirrel population management (White et al, 2014;Goldstein et al, 2016;Jones et al, 2017;Slade et al, 2020Slade et al, , 2021. Current frameworks are starting to address multi-species and ecosystem impacts such as the presence of a predator and/or the availability of different prey species on red-gray squirrel disease-mediated competition and population dynamics (Roberts and Heesterbeek, 2021;Slade et al, 2022a,b).…”

Section: Interspecific Competition and The Ultimate E Ect On Red Squi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between native and invasive species: A systematic review of the red squirrel-gray squirrel paradigm

et al. 2023

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The eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) has been labeled as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species by the IUCN. In Europe, the species has been introduced to Britain, Ireland and Italy, and its subsequent spread has resulted in wide-scale extinction of native Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) from the areas colonized by the gray squirrel. This replacement of a native by an alien competitor is one of the best documented cases of the devastating effects of biological invasions on native fauna. To understand how this replacement occurs, we present a systematic review of the literature on competition and interactions between red and gray squirrels. We describe the patterns of red and gray squirrel distribution in those parts of Europe where gray squirrels occur and summarize the evidence on the different processes and mechanisms determining the outcome of competition between the native and alien species including the influence of predators and pathogens. Some of the drivers behind the demise of the red squirrel have been intensively studied and documented in the past 30 years, but recent field studies and mathematical models revealed that the mechanisms underlying the red-gray paradigm are more complex than previously thought and affected by landscape-level processes. Therefore, we consider habitat type and multi-species interactions, including host-parasite and predator-prey relationships, to determine the outcome of the interaction between the two species and to better address gray squirrel control efforts.

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Cited by 79 publications

References 29 publications

Future Range Dynamics Suggest Increasing Threats of Grey Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) against Red Squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in Europe: A Perspective on Climatic Suitability

Future Range Dynamics Suggest Increasing Threats of Grey Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) against Red Squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in Europe: A Perspective on Climatic Suitability

Natural strongholds for red squirrel conservation in Scotland

Interactions between native and invasive species: A systematic review of the red squirrel-gray squirrel paradigm

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