“…The Jews, envisioned correspondingly as deliberate unbelievers, figures who were not necessarily blind to the truth, but who willingly and maliciously opted to ignore it, became associated in the medieval Christian imagination with the irrational, the murderous, and ultimately, the infanticidal and the deicidal. These associations, which, as various critics have recognized, were disseminated in particular by Franciscan and Dominican preachers, who sought to replace the more benign and tolerant approach advocated by St Augustine with a more aggressive and confrontational model, circulated initially during the twelfth century before becoming dominant in the thirteenth (Cohen 1983;Gilchrist 1988;Stacey 1998;Despres 1998;Tinkle 2003Tinkle , 2004.…”