Jet propulsion in salps (Tunicata: Thaliacea)

Bone, Q.; Trueman, E. R.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05071.x

Cited by 61 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…For aggregate forms, kinematic measurements may still occasionally underestimate volume flow rates. Bone and Trueman (1983) found that instantaneous velocities of individuals in an aggregate chain were smoother due to the coordinated swimming of individuals in the chain. Processing of additional fluid due to continuous forward swimming might produce even higher filtration rate than those presented here.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Methods and Broader Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2, Fig.3 (Bone and Trueman 1983), lateral regions of the test are thin, possibly allowing for greater articulation at these points. Generally speaking, Cyclosalpa sp.…”

Section: Morphology Kinematic Trade-offs and Filtration Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tunic, which surrounds the tube-like body, varies in stiffness and thickness (Hirose et al 1999). During swimming, the muscle bands contract against the tunic to reduce the body volume and refilling is achieved due to elastic recoil of the tunic (Bone and Trueman 1983). Therefore, the physical properties of the tunic are important for pumping.…”

Section: Morphology Kinematic Trade-offs and Filtration Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of filtration rates among pelagic tunicates using kinematic measurements

Sutherland

Madin

2009

Mar Biol

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Salps have higher filtration rates than most other holoplankton, and are capable of packaging and exporting primary production from surface waters. A method of kinematic analysis was employed to accurately measure salp feeding rates. The data were then used to explain how diverse body morphologies and swimming motions among species and lifecycle stages influence salp feeding performance. We selected five species, representing a range of morphologies and swimming styles, and used digitized outlines from video frames to measure body-shape change during a pulse cycle. Timevarying body volume was then calculated from the digitized salp outlines to estimate the amount of fluid passing through the filtering mesh. This non-invasive method produced higher feeding rates than other methods and revealed that body volume, pulse frequency and degree of contraction are important factors for determining volume filtered. Each species possessed a unique combination of these three characteristics that resulted in comparable filtration (range: 0.44 -15.33 ml s -1 ) and normalized filtration rates (range: 0.21 -1.27 s -1 ) across species. The convergence of different species with diverse morphologies on similar normalized filtration suggests a tendency towards a flow optimum.

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Section: Comparison With Other Methods and Broader Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2, Fig.3 (Bone and Trueman 1983), lateral regions of the test are thin, possibly allowing for greater articulation at these points. Generally speaking, Cyclosalpa sp.…”

Section: Morphology Kinematic Trade-offs and Filtration Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Morphology Kinematic Trade-offs and Filtration Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of filtration rates among pelagic tunicates using kinematic measurements

Sutherland

Madin

2009

Mar Biol

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“…Relative to other swimming modes, jet propulsion is considered an inefficient means of locomotion, which may explain why it is not more common (Alexander 2003, Biewener 2003. However, among the jet-propelled creatures, it has been suggested that salp swimming is the most economical (Bone and Trueman 1983). A pulsed jet, as opposed to continuous jet emission, may improve hydrodynamic efficiency because the wake rolls up into a series of vortex rings that interact to create additional thrust , Madin 1990, Daniel 1985, Weihs 1977.…”

Section: Morphology and Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During swimming, the muscle bands contract against the tunic to reduce the body volume and refilling is achieved due to elastic recoil of the tunic (Bone and Trueman 1983).…”

Section: Morphology Kinematic Trade-offs and Filtration Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Form, function and flow in the plankton : jet propulsion and filtration by pelagic tunicates

Sutherland¹

2010

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Trade-offs between filtration rate and swimming performance among several salp species with distinct morphologies and swimming styles were compared. Small-scale particle encounter at the salp filtering apparatus was also explored. Observations and experiments were conducted at the Liquid Jungle Lab, off the pacific coast of Panama in January 2006 through 2009. First, time-varying body volume was calculated by digitizing salp outlines from in situ video sequences. The resulting volume flow rates were higher than previous measurements, setting an upper limit on filtration capacity. Though each species possessed a unique combination of body kinematics, normalized filtration rates were comparable across species, with the exception of significantly higher rates in Weelia cylindrica aggregates, suggesting a tendency towards a flow optimum. Secondly, a combination of in situ dye visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were used to describe properties of the jet wake and swimming performance variables including thrust, drag and propulsive efficiency. All species investigated swam via vortex ring propulsion. Though Weelia cylindrica was the fastest swimmer, Pegea confoederata was the most efficient, producing the highest weight-specific thrust and wholecycle propulsive efficiency. Weak swimming performance parameters in Cyclosalpa affinis, including low weight-specific thrust and low propulsive efficiency, may be compensated by comparatively low energetic requirements. Finally, a low Reynolds number mathematical model using accurately measured parameters and realistic oceanic particle size concentrations showed that submicron particles are encountered at higher rates than larger particles. Results from feeding experiments with 0.5, 1 and 3 μm polystyrene microspheres corroborated model predictions. Though 1 to 10 μm-sized particles (e.g. flagellates, small diatoms) are predicted to provide four times as much carbon as 0.1 to 1 μm-sized particles (e.g. bacteria, Prochlorococcus), particles smaller than the mesh size (1.4 μm) can still fully satisfy salp energetic needs.

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