Jet Propulsion and the Giant Fibre Response of Loligo

Packard, Andrew

doi:10.1038/221875a0

Cited by 90 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Anderson and DeMont (2005) reported that fin gaits in adult L. pealei were clearly tuned to jet gait and that the two are modulated at different speeds. Anderson (1998) and Anderson and DeMont (2005) echoed the claims of Packard (1969) and O'Dor (1988) that the fin gait in steady swimming appeared to reduce deceleration during the refill period thereby reducing fluctuations in swimming speed during the locomotive cycle. In fish, potentially favorable interactions between vorticity shed from upstream structures and the main propulsor, the caudal fin, have been observed (Drucker and Lauder, 2001).…”

Section: Locomotive Flexibilitymentioning

confidence: 70%

Jet flow in steadily swimming adult squid

Anderson

Grosenbaugh

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

119

154

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SUMMARY Although various hydrodynamic models have been used in past analyses of squid jet propulsion, no previous investigations have definitively determined the fluid structure of the jets of steadily swimming squid. In addition, few accurate measurements of jet velocity and other jet parameters in squid have been reported. We used digital particle imaging velocimetry (DPIV) to visualize the jet flow of adult long-finned squid Loligo pealei(mantle length, Lm=27.1±3.0 cm, mean ± s.d.) swimming in a flume over a wide range of speeds(10.1-59.3 cm s-1, i.e. 0.33-2.06 Lms-1). Qualitatively, squid jets were periodic, steady, and prolonged emissions of fluid that exhibited an elongated core of high speed flow. The development of a leading vortex ring common to jets emitted from pipes into still water often appeared to be diminished and delayed. We were able to mimic this effect in jets produced by a piston and pipe arrangement aligned with a uniform background flow. As in continuous jets, squid jets showed evidence of the growth of instability waves in the jet shear layer followed by the breakup of the jet into packets of vorticity of varying degrees of coherence. These ranged from apparent chains of short-lived vortex rings to turbulent plumes. There was some evidence of the complete roll-up of a handful of shorter jets into single vortex rings, but steady propulsion by individual vortex ring puffs was never observed. Quantitatively, the length of the jet structure in the visualized field of view, Lj, was observed to be 7.2-25.6 cm, and jet plug lengths, L, were estimated to be 4.4-49.4 cm using average jet velocity and jet period. These lengths and an average jet orifice diameter, D, of 0.8 cm were used to calculate the ratios Lj/D and L/D, which ranged from 9.0 to 32.0 and 5.5 to 61.8, respectively. Jets emitted from pipes in the presence of a background flow suggested that the ratio between the background flow velocity and the jet velocity was more important than L/D to predict jet structure. Average jet velocities in steadily swimming squid ranged from 19.9 to 85.8 cm s-1 (0.90-2.98 Lm s-1) and were always greater in magnitude than swimming speed. Maximum instantaneous fluid speeds within squid jets ranged from 25.6 to 136.4 cm s-1. Average jet thrust determined both from jet velocity and from three-dimensional approximations of momentum change in successive jet visualizations showed some differences and ranged from 0.009 to 0.045 N over the range of swimming speeds observed. The fraction by which the average jet velocity exceeded the swimming speed, or `slip',decreased with increasing swimming speed, which reveals higher jet propulsive efficiency at higher swimming speeds. Jet angle, subtended from the horizontal, decreased from approximately 29° to 7° with increasing swimming speed. Jet frequency ranged from 0.6 to 1.3 Hz in the majority of swimming sequences, and the data suggest higher frequencies at the lowest and highest speeds. Jet velocity, angle, period and frequency exhibited increased variability at speeds between 0.6 and 1.4 Lms-1. This suggests that at medium speeds squid enjoy an increased flexibility in the locomotive strategies they use to control their dynamic balance.

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Section: Locomotive Flexibilitymentioning

confidence: 70%

Jet flow in steadily swimming adult squid

Anderson

Grosenbaugh

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

119

154

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“…Furthermore, the mantle narrows during swimming. Packard reported that the mantle width of hatchlings (Loligo vulgaris) reduced from 2.1 to 1.3 mm during an escape jet, which would correspond to an α of 2.6 (Packard, 1969). According to the predictions of Haury and Weihs (Fig.…”

Section: Discussion Behavior Of Humboldt Squid Paralarvaementioning

confidence: 99%

Aperture effects in squid jet propulsion

Staaf

Gilly

Denny

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Squid are the largest jet propellers in nature as adults, but as paralarvae they are some of the smallest, faced with the inherent inefficiency of jet propulsion at a low Reynolds number. In this study we describe the behavior and kinematics of locomotion in 1 mm paralarvae of Dosidicus gigas, the smallest squid yet studied. They swim with hop-and-sink behavior and can engage in fast jets by reducing the size of the mantle aperture during the contraction phase of a jetting cycle. We go on to explore the general effects of a variable mantle and funnel aperture in a theoretical model of jet propulsion scaled from the smallest (1 mm mantle length) to the largest (3 m) squid. Aperture reduction during mantle contraction increases propulsive efficiency at all squid sizes, although 1 mm squid still suffer from low efficiency (20%) because of a limited speed of contraction. Efficiency increases to a peak of 40% for 1 cm squid, then slowly declines. Squid larger than 6 cm must either reduce contraction speed or increase aperture size to maintain stress within maximal muscle tolerance. Ecological pressure to maintain maximum velocity may lead them to increase aperture size, which reduces efficiency. This effect might be ameliorated by nonaxial flow during the refill phase of the cycle. Our model's predictions highlight areas for future empirical work, and emphasize the existence of complex behavioral options for maximizing efficiency at both very small and large sizes.

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“…Embryonic incubation in the laboratory at cool temperatures (mean 12.2°C) produced Loligo vulgaris hatchlings that were significantly heavier (8%) and longer (7%) than embryos incubated at warmer temperatures (mean 19.5°C) (Villanueva 2000a). Larger L. vulgaris hatchlings probably have an initial competitive advantage due to their greater swimming power, which may enhance food-searching and prey-capture capacities (Packard 1969, Chen et al 1996, Villanueva et al 1996, making them less vulnerable to small predators. Thus, a compromise between the risks of long versus short embryonic incubation duration, and the resulting hatchling size and hatchling competence, probably exists.…”

Section: Embryonic Life and Paralarval Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryonic life of the loliginid squid Loligo vulgaris: comparison between statoliths of Atlantic and Mediterranean populations

Villanueva¹,

Arkhipkin²,

Jereb³

et al. 2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Egg masses of the loliginid squid Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798 are attached to hard substratum or branched sessile organisms on the sea bottom. Embryonic development lasts from a few weeks to a few months, depending on the environmental water temperature. Because embryonic statolith growth of L. vulgaris is very sensitive to temperature under laboratory conditions, we analyzed the possibilities of determining past events in the squid's early life from analysis of the embryonic area of statoliths of wild squid populations. The relationship between egg-incubation temperature and daily growth of embryonic statoliths under laboratory conditions was determined by tetracycline markings at 10 incubation temperatures ranging from 12 to 24.7°C. In addition, the mean width of embryonic increments in statolith collections of wild L. vulgaris from the Eastern Atlantic (Saharan Bank and NW Iberian Peninsula) and the Mediterranean Sea (Central and Eastern) was calculated. The temperature inferred from the embryonic increment widths of the statoliths of wild squid indicates that embryonic development of L. vulgaris in the regions sampled is likely to occur at temperatures ranging from 12 to 17°C. Mediterranean squid have wider embryonic increments than Atlantic squid, reflecting the slightly higher water temperatures in the Mediterranean Sea during the development of the egg masses. Eggs of L. vulgaris spawned off the NW Iberian Peninsula were estimated, on average, to remain at sea for 47 d, 1 wk longer than Mediterranean eggs (nearly 1 mo longer when comparing minimum and maximum ranges). A longer incubation time for egg masses attached to the sea bottom increases mortality risks. Conversely, slow development at a lower temperature can improve yolk conversion, producing larger hatchlings, and increased hatching competence is expected from such squid. Therefore, a compromise between longer-versus-shorter incubation time and related characteristics does exist.KEY WORDS: Cephalopods · Spawning sites · Embryonic development · Eggs · Larvae · Growth · StatolithsResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Jet Propulsion and the Giant Fibre Response of Loligo

Cited by 90 publications

References 6 publications

Jet flow in steadily swimming adult squid

Jet flow in steadily swimming adult squid

Aperture effects in squid jet propulsion

Embryonic life of the loliginid squid Loligo vulgaris: comparison between statoliths of Atlantic and Mediterranean populations

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