Jeopardy of COVID-19: Rechecking the Perks of Phytotherapeutic Interventions

Abstract

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the reason for worldwide pandemic, has already masked around 220 countries globally. This disease is induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Arising environmental stress, increase in the oxidative stress level, weak immunity and lack of nutrition deteriorates the clinical status of the infected patients. Though several researches are at its peak for understanding and bringing forward effective therapeutics, yet there is no promising solution treating this disease directly. Medicinal plants and their active metabolites have always been promising in treating many clinical complications since time immemorial. Mother nature provides vivid chemical structures, which act multi-dimensionally all alone or synergistically in mitigating several diseases. Their unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with least side effects have made them more effective candidate for pharmacological studies. These medicinal plants inhibit attachment, encapsulation and replication of COVID-19 viruses by targeting various signaling molecules such as angiotensin converting enzyme-2, transmembrane serine protease 2, spike glycoprotein, main protease etc. This property is re-examined and its potency is now used to improve the existing global health crisis. This review is an attempt to focus various antiviral activities of various noteworthy medicinal plants. Moreover, its implications as prophylactic or preventive in various secondary complications including neurological, cardiovascular, acute kidney disease, liver disease are also pinpointed in the present review. This knowledge will help emphasis on the therapeutic developments for this novel coronavirus where it can be used as alone or in combination with the repositioned drugs to combat COVID-19.

Review of Serine Protease Inhibitors: Development and Applications

“…These findings encouraged many research groups to investigate potential candidates among which the natural phytochemicals had significant interest. In the next years it is expected to have a significant number of serine protease inhibitors [80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87] .…”

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Counters Oxidative Stress/Inflammation-Driven Symptoms in Long COVID-19 Patients: Preliminary Outcomes

“…Both the acute disease and the "long COVID-19s" [6] are characterized by a "cytokines storm", liable for systemic inflammation with higher levels of interleukin (IL) 6, 8, 10, 18 and Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Moreover, significantly higher IL-6 levels have been observed in severe cases compared to moderate cases [13].…”