JBrowse: A next-generation genome browser

W hile longitudinal and latitudinal habitat transitions have been proposed to define marine communities and promote intraspecific differentiation 1-3 , little is known about the importance of transitions along ocean depth gradients 4,5 , although substantial changes in species assemblages with depth have been recorded (for example, ref. 6 ), and relatively narrow depth ranges may distinguish closely related species (for example, refs 7,8 ). Understanding the relevant mechanisms will contribute significantly to our understanding of eco-evolutionary processes and the origin of marine biodiversity. We chose the roundnose grenadier (Coryphaenoides rupestris) as a model system because it is a widespread species that can inhabit a comparatively broad range of depths 9 from ~180 m to 2,600 m. It is a batch spawner, producing up to 69,000 pelagic eggs per female 10 . It has a spawning season peaking in autumn 11 (recent observations were in September at 1,500 m; ref. 12 ), preys on fish, cephalopods and invertebrates in both benthic and pelagic habitats 13 , and shows minor genetic differentiation across its geographic range [14][15][16] .Adaptation to habitat can occur among populations within a species, and if disruptive selection is associated with assortative mating has the potential to promote incipient speciation through ecological processes in sympatry 17 . When environmental change exposes new habitats and niche potential, adaptive radiations may rapidly generate a new lineage of species 18,19 . To the extent that differential selection can retain polymorphisms within or among populations, this may facilitate the process of adaptive radiation. Here, we focus on one of the key habitat transitions in the oceans-between the photic mesopelagic region and the aphotic regions below (together with the more contiguous changes associated with increasing depth). There is the potential for species (such as the roundnose grenadier), whose habitat range extends across this boundary or along the depth gradient, to experience differential selective pressures. We tested hypotheses about adaptation to these deep-sea habitats using genome sequence data together with data on the ecology and life history of the subject species. We found that juvenile fish of this species are found primarily in relatively shallow depths (near the transition between the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones) and then migrate as they mature to different depths, and this is strongly associated with their genotype at a set of functional loci. In particular, all adults below ~1,800 m share the same homozygous genotype at each locus. There is evidence for strong selection maintaining this difference, but no clear evidence for differentiation driven by assortative mating. Results and discussionWe produced an annotated reference genome for C. rupestris with a total length of 0.829 gigabase pairs, a mean depth of 104× and an N50 of 159,738 (see Supplementary Methods for details). We used this draft genome to map 60 additional genomes sequenced to a mean depth ...

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“…The outlier SNPs detected by GLM were mapped against the annotated C. rupestris draft genome using JBrowse version 1.12.3 (ref. 68 ).…”

Section: Nature Ecology and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomics of habitat choice and adaptive evolution in a deep-sea fish

et al. 2018

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“…Expressed sequence tag data for H. polymorpha from the Joint Genome Institute (National Center for Biotechnology Information accession no. SRR346565) was aligned to the genome using STAR (66) and was visualized in JBrowse (67).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mating-type switching by chromosomal inversion in methylotrophic yeasts suggests an origin for the three-locusSaccharomyces cerevisiaesystem

Hanson

Byrne

Wolfe

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

150

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a complex system for switching the mating type of haploid cells, requiring the genome to have three mating-type (MAT)-like loci and a mechanism for silencing two of them. How this system originated is unknown, because the threelocus system is present throughout the family Saccharomycetaceae, whereas species in the sister Candida clade have only one locus and do not switch. Here we show that yeasts in a third clade, the methylotrophs, have a simpler two-locus switching system based on reversible inversion of a section of chromosome with MATa genes at one end and MATalpha genes at the other end. In Hansenula polymorpha the 19-kb invertible region lies beside a centromere so that, depending on the orientation, either MATa or MATalpha is silenced by centromeric chromatin. In Pichia pastoris, the orientation of a 138-kb invertible region puts either MATa or MATalpha beside a telomere and represses transcription of MATa2 or MATalpha2. Both species are homothallic, and inversion of their MAT regions can be induced by crossing two strains of the same mating type. The three-locus system of S. cerevisiae, which uses a nonconservative mechanism to replace DNA at MAT, likely evolved from a conservative two-locus system that swapped genes between expression and nonexpression sites by inversion. The increasing complexity of the switching apparatus, with three loci, donor bias, and cell lineage tracking, can be explained by continuous selection to increase sporulation ability in young colonies. Our results provide an evolutionary context for the diversity of switching and silencing mechanisms.Hansenula polymorpha | Pichia pastoris | yeast genetics | comparative genomics M ating-type switching in yeasts is a highly regulated process that converts a haploid cell of one mating type into a haploid of the opposite type (1-5). Switching involves the complete deactivation of one set of regulatory genes and activation of an alternative set, but, unlike most regulatory changes, the switch is achieved by physically replacing the DNA at an expression site that is shared by both types of cell. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the switching system uses a menagerie of molecular components (3) including three mating-type (MAT)-like loci (the expressed MAT locus and the silent loci HML and HMR); an endonuclease (HO) that creates a double-strand break at the MAT locus, which then is repaired using HMLalpha or HMRa as a donor; a mechanism (Sir1 and Sir2/3/4 proteins) for repressing transcription and HO cleavage at the silent loci; two triplicated sequences (the Z and X regions) that guide repair of the dsDNA break; a donorbias mechanism (the recombination enhancer, RE) to ensure that switching happens in the correct direction; and a cell lineagetracking mechanism (Ash1 mRNA localization) to ensure that switching occurs only in particular cells. Most of these components have no function other than facilitating switching.

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“…They also facilitate comparison of multiple levels of data from a variety of sources (e.g., methylation, phosphorylation, SNPs, This module ( Figure 2H) uses an implementation of JBrowse (Skinner et al, 2009) using data provided by web services at Araport (Krishnakumar et al, 2015). Due to the complexity of the program, we did not apply the ePlant style guide to this tool so there is some perceptual difference between this and the other ePlant modules.…”

Section: Sequence Viewermentioning

confidence: 99%

ePlant: Visualizing and Exploring Multiple Levels of Data for Hypothesis Generation in Plant Biology

et al. 2017

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A big challenge in current systems biology research arises when different types of data must be accessed from separate sources and visualized using separate tools. The high cognitive load required to navigate such a workflow is detrimental to hypothesis generation. Accordingly, there is a need for a robust research platform that incorporates all data and provides integrated search, analysis, and visualization features through a single portal. Here, we present ePlant (http://bar.utoronto.ca/eplant), a visual analytic tool for exploring multiple levels of Arabidopsis thaliana data through a zoomable user interface. ePlant connects to several publicly available web services to download genome, proteome, interactome, transcriptome, and 3D molecular structure data for one or more genes or gene products of interest. Data are displayed with a set of visualization tools that are presented using a conceptual hierarchy from big to small, and many of the tools combine information from more than one data type. We describe the development of ePlant in this article and present several examples illustrating its integrative features for hypothesis generation. We also describe the process of deploying ePlant as an “app” on Araport. Building on readily available web services, the code for ePlant is freely available for any other biological species research

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JBrowse: A next-generation genome browser

Cited by 678 publications

References 20 publications

Genomics of habitat choice and adaptive evolution in a deep-sea fish

Genomics of habitat choice and adaptive evolution in a deep-sea fish

Mating-type switching by chromosomal inversion in methylotrophic yeasts suggests an origin for the three-locusSaccharomyces cerevisiaesystem

ePlant: Visualizing and Exploring Multiple Levels of Data for Hypothesis Generation in Plant Biology

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