Japanese Encephalitis Virus: Ecology and Epidemiology

Endy, Timothy P.; Nisalak, A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_2

Cited by 195 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…[6][7][8] Japanese encephalitis virus is maintained in a mosquitobird or mosquito-bird-pig transmission cycle in which the vertebrate amplifying host develops a high-titer viremia but rarely manifests disease. 9 Morbidity and mortality are observed in humans and horses, both of which are considered dead-end hosts. 10 In a series of studies conducted in Japan during the 1950s, Culex tritaeniorhynchus was implicated as the major arthropod vector of JEV and ardeid birds (egrets and herons) or pigs as the principle vertebrate amplifying hosts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Susceptibility to Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Domestic Ducklings and Chicks

Cleton¹,

Bosco‐Lauth²,

Page³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Ardeid birds and pigs are known as major amplifying hosts for Japanese encephalitis virus, and ducklings and chickens have been considered to play at best a minor role in outbreaks because of their low or absent viremia. We hypothesized that viremia of sufficient magnitude would develop in young ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) and chicks (Gallus gallus) for them to serve as reservoir hosts and thereby contribute to the transmission cycle. Infection was associated with reduced weight gain in both species, and ducklings infected at 10 days of age or less showed overt clinical signs of disease. The mean peak viremia in birds of both species decreased as the age at infection increased from 2 to 42 days, indicating the importance of age of infection on magnitude of viremia in birds from both species, and suggesting that young poultry may be amplifying hosts of importance in disease-endemic regions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Susceptibility to Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Domestic Ducklings and Chicks

Cleton¹,

Bosco‐Lauth²,

Page³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Instead of WNV, an antigenically related flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (JEV), has been widely disseminated in Asia [13]. In Japan, which is part of a JEV-endemic area, horses have been mostly immunized with inactivated JE vaccine [4,19]. Immunization with inactivated and live attenuated JE vaccines has been shown to induce cross-reactive immune responses to WNV in mice and hamsters, respectively [20,23].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Responses Induced by Experimental West Nile Virus Infection with or without Previous Immunization with Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in Horses

Shirafuji

Kanehira

Kamio

et al. 2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. A group of horses immunized with inactivated Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine (JE-Immune Group) and a group of nonimmunized horses (Non-Immune Group) were infected with West Nile virus (WNV). After WNV infection, neutralizing (Nt) antibody (Ab) titers to WNV were higher than those to JE virus (JEV) in the Non-Immune Group, but the NtAb titers to JEV were higher than those to WNV during most of the post-challenge observation period in the JE-Immune Group. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Abs to WNV tested positive in the Non-Immune Group but negative in the JE-Immune Group, except for in one horse. These results suggest that diagnosis of WNV infection in JE-immunized horses requires serological tests for NtAb and IgM titers to both WNV and JEV.KEY WORDS: antibody response, equine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, serological tests, West Nile virus.

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“…JEV is one of the important encephalitic flaviviruses transmitted by Culex mosquitoes (Endy & Nisalak, 2002). Morphologically, these viruses are enveloped outside the nucleocapsid and thus usually infect cells through receptordependent endocytosis (Lindenbach & Rice, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat shock cognate protein 70 isoform D is required for clathrin-dependent endocytosis of Japanese encephalitis virus in C6/36 cells

Chuang

Yang

Chen

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), one of encephalitic flaviviruses, is naturally transmitted by mosquitoes. During infection, JEV generally enters host cells via receptor-mediated clathrindependent endocytosis that requires the 70 kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp70). Heat-shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) is one member of the Hsp70 family and is constitutively expressed; thus, it may be expressed under physiological conditions. In C6/36 cells, Hsc70 is upregulated in response to JEV infection. Since Hsc70 shows no relationship with viruses attaching to the cell surface, it probably does not serve as the receptor according to our results in the present study. In contrast, Hsc70 is evidently associated with virus penetration into the cell and resultant acidification of intracellular vesicles. It suggests that Hsc70 is highly involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, particularly at the late stage of viral entry into host cells. Furthermore, we found that Hsc70 is composed of at least three isoforms, including B, C and D; of these, isoform D helps JEV to penetrate C6/36 cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This study provides relevant evidence that sheds light on the regulatory mechanisms of JEV infection in host cells, especially on the process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

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Japanese Encephalitis Virus: Ecology and Epidemiology

Cited by 195 publications

References 83 publications

Age-Related Susceptibility to Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Domestic Ducklings and Chicks

Age-Related Susceptibility to Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Domestic Ducklings and Chicks

Antibody Responses Induced by Experimental West Nile Virus Infection with or without Previous Immunization with Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in Horses

Heat shock cognate protein 70 isoform D is required for clathrin-dependent endocytosis of Japanese encephalitis virus in C6/36 cells

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