Japanese Encephalitis: Risk of Emergence in the United States and the Resulting Impact

Monath, Thomas P.

doi:10.3390/v16010054

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 75 publications

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“…As a result, a program was initiated to control mosquitoes around piggeries and to vaccinate at-risk human populations, estimated to be ~850,000 based on modeling studies [ 27 ]. Due to these events in Australia, the Swine Health Information Center of the US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA APHIS) initiated steps to explore and mitigate the potential JEV threat in the United States [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Perpetual Vector Mosquito Threat and Its Eco-Friendly Nemeses

Miranda,

Rudd,

Mena

et al. 2024

Biology

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Mosquitoes are the most notorious arthropod vectors of viral and parasitic diseases for which approximately half the world’s population, ~4,000,000,000, is at risk. Integrated pest management programs (IPMPs) have achieved some success in mitigating the regional transmission and persistence of these diseases. However, as many vector-borne diseases remain pervasive, it is obvious that IPMP successes have not been absolute in eradicating the threat imposed by mosquitoes. Moreover, the expanding mosquito geographic ranges caused by factors related to climate change and globalization (travel, trade, and migration), and the evolution of resistance to synthetic pesticides, present ongoing challenges to reducing or eliminating the local and global burden of these diseases, especially in economically and medically disadvantaged societies. Abatement strategies include the control of vector populations with synthetic pesticides and eco-friendly technologies. These “green” technologies include SIT, IIT, RIDL, CRISPR/Cas9 gene drive, and biological control that specifically targets the aquatic larval stages of mosquitoes. Regarding the latter, the most effective continues to be the widespread use of Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Ls) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti). Here, we present a review of the health issues elicited by vector mosquitoes, control strategies, and lastly, focus on the biology of Ls and Bti, with an emphasis on the latter, to which no resistance has been observed in the field.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Perpetual Vector Mosquito Threat and Its Eco-Friendly Nemeses

Miranda,

Rudd,

Mena

et al. 2024

Biology

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A scoping review of evidence of naturally occurring Japanese encephalitis infection in vertebrate animals other than humans, ardeid birds and pigs

Levesque,

Walsh,

Webb

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of human encephalitis in Asia. JEV is a vector-borne disease, mainly transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, with Ardeidae birds as maintenance hosts and pigs as amplifying hosts. Other vertebrate animal hosts have been suggested to play a role in the epidemiology of JEV. This scoping review followed PRISMA guidelines to identify species in which evidence of naturally occurring JEV infection was detected in vertebrates other than ardeid birds, pigs and people. Following systematic searches, 4372 records were screened, and data were extracted from 62 eligible studies. Direct evidence (virus, viral antigen or viral RNA ) of JEV infection was identified in a variety of mammals and birds (not always identified to the species level), including bats, passerine birds (family Turdidae), livestock (cattle [Bos taurus] and a goat [Capra hircus]), carnivores (two meerkats [Suricata suricatta]), and one horse (Equus caballus). Bat families included Pteropodidae, Vespertilionidae, Rhinolophidae, Miniopteridae, Hipposideridae. Indirect evidence suggestive of JEV infection (antibodies) was detected in several mammalian and avian orders, as well as reported in two reptile species. However, a major limitation of the evidence of JEV infection identified in this review was diagnostic test accuracy, particularly for serological testing. Studies generally did not report diagnostic sensitivity or specificity. Although we hypothesise that bats and passerine birds could play an underappreciated role in JEV epidemiology, development of diagnostic tests to differentiate JEV from other orthoflaviviruses will be critical for effective surveillance in these, as well as the companion and livestock species that could be used to evaluate JEV control measures in currently endemic regions.

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The good, the BATV, and the ugly - first report of BATV vector competence inCulex quinquefasciatusfrom the Southern United States

Clark,

Turner,

Vivien

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Batai virus is an arbovirus with wide geographic, host, and climactic ranges. BATV infects primarily avian species but can cause disease in ruminants and humans. Louisiana is at particular risk for overlaps in natural and agricultural systems as the Mississippi Flyway passes through the state. We assessed the vector competence of LouisianaCx. quinquefasciatusfor BATV and found infection and dissemination rates of 22% and 11.1% at 7 days post-exposure (dpe), and 15.8% and 5.3% at 21dpe. The current H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in dairy cows demonstrates the importance of understanding the overlap in avian and other vertebrate species to inform public health and agricultural biosecurity. Results indicate a moderate vector competence of regional LouisianaCx. quinquefasciatusfor BATV. This study presents the first known report of vector competence of BATV in US mosquitoes and establishes the non-zero risk of its emergence in the southern US.

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Japanese Encephalitis: Risk of Emergence in the United States and the Resulting Impact

Cited by 3 publications

References 75 publications

The Perpetual Vector Mosquito Threat and Its Eco-Friendly Nemeses

The Perpetual Vector Mosquito Threat and Its Eco-Friendly Nemeses

A scoping review of evidence of naturally occurring Japanese encephalitis infection in vertebrate animals other than humans, ardeid birds and pigs

The good, the BATV, and the ugly - first report of BATV vector competence inCulex quinquefasciatusfrom the Southern United States

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