Japanese encephalitis in Malaysia: An overview and timeline

Kumar, Kiven; Arshad, Siti Suri; Selvarajah, Gayathri Thevi; Abu, Jalila; Ooi, Peck Toung; Abba, Yusuf; Yasmin, Abd Rahaman; Sharma, R. S.; Ong, Bee Lee

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.017

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Although no report on the Culex spp. in the area of rubber plantation in Malaysia (Kumar et al 2018), the mosquito species are high in Thailand in the rubber plantations and forest areas. A study by Sumodan et al (2005) state that Culex vishnui were found in the Kanchanaburi and Khon Kaen in rubber plantations area.…”

Section: Geographical Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides that, Pulau Tengah, Johor and Kapar Energy Ventures, Selangor which located in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia are known as the popular locations for the landing areas of migratory birds. Migratory birds that land at Kapar, Selangor have higher water bodies for the mosquitoes breeding (Kumar et al 2018). Most of the shorebirds are the potential sources of Flavivirus including WNV and JEV.…”

Section: Potential Risk Factors Of Wnv In Malaysiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is because all those areas are considered as the mosquito breeding sites. According to Kumar et al (2018), rice field plantations are common areas for the mosquitoes to breed primarily the Culex and Anopheles spp. A previous study reported that paddy cultivation in the Republic of Korea is related to the mosquito populations (Richards et al 2010).…”

Section: Geographical Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Climates Changes Climate changes can also be a potential risk factor of WNV transmission because it will cause spreading of the arthropod-borne virus during the mosquito life cycle (Impoinvil et al 2012). When the temperature is increased, the percentage of arthropod-borne infection in the mosquito is high and the incubation time decreased (Kumar et al 2018). In Malaysia, the climate is tropical with the temperature between 20°C and 30°C throughout the year and have huge average rainfall, which is almost 2500 mm in Peninsular Malaysia thus, making this environment suitable for mosquito breeding conditions.…”

Section: Urban and Rural Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bat Populations The next risk factor is bat populations in which bats are abundance in caves, trees, roofs in housing areas and close to the paddy field area (Kumar et al 2018). These bats can transmit the WNV infection via Breed et al (2006), the only bat that has the ability to cross between Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Australia to the New Guinea comes from the Pteropus spp.…”

Section: Urban and Rural Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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West Nile Virus Infection in Human and Animals: Potential Risks in Malaysia

Yuseri¹,

Yasmin²,

Omar³

et al. 2019

JSM

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West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic RNA virus maintained in enzootic cycles involving mosquito mainly Culex and Aedes spp. as the vector and birds as the reservoir host. WNV is endemic in Africa, Europe and Western Asia. Human infection results in asymptomatic illness such as fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, swollen lymph glands and neuroinvasive disease are seen in less than 1% of infected persons. The spectrum of symptoms in animals includes fever, weakness and paralysis of hind limbs, impaired vision, ataxia, head pressing, aimless wandering, seizures, inability to swallow, walking in circles and coma. Based on the previous study in Malaysia, the antibody and nucleic acid against WNV were detected in Orang Asli, captive birds and horses. In this paper, potential risk factors contributing to WNV occurrence are discussed. How the disease or infection is diagnosed and controlled was also discussed.

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Section: Geographical Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Potential Risk Factors Of Wnv In Malaysiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geographical Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urban and Rural Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urban and Rural Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

West Nile Virus Infection in Human and Animals: Potential Risks in Malaysia

Yuseri¹,

Yasmin²,

Omar³

et al. 2019

JSM

Self Cite

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show abstract

Serological evidence of DENV, JEV, and ZIKV among the indigenous people (Orang Asli) of Peninsular Malaysia

Khor

Mohd-Rahim

Hassan

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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Dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) are mosquito‐borne flavivirus of medical importance in tropical countries such as Malaysia. However, much remains unknown regarding their prevalence among the underserved indigenous people (Orang Asli) living in communities in the forest fringe areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Information on the prevalence of diseases is necessary to elevate the effectiveness of disease control and preventive measures. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of the three major flaviviruses among the Orang Asli and investigate the association between demographic factors and seropositivities. Sampling activities were conducted in the Orang Asli villages to obtain serum samples and demographic data from consenting volunteers. The presence of DENV, JEV, and ZIKV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the sera were examined using commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits. A focus reduction neutralization assay was performed to measure virus‐specific neutralizing antibodies. A total of 872 serum samples were obtained from the Orang Asli volunteers. Serological assay results revealed that DENV IgG, JEV IgG, and ZIKV IgG seropositivities among the Orang Asli were at 4.9%, 48.4%, and 13.2%, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies (FRNT50 ≥ 1:40) against JEV and ZIKV were found in 86.7% and 100.0%, respectively, out of the samples tested. Positive serology to all three viruses corresponded significantly to the age of the volunteers with increasing seropositivity in older volunteers. Findings from the study suggest that Orang Asli are at significant risk of contracting JEV and ZIKV infections despite the lack of active transmission of the viruses in the country.

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Adults in Northwest China experienced the largest outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in history 10 years after the Japanese encephalitis vaccine was included in the national immunization program: A retrospective epidemiological study

Zhang

Jin

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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Mainland China included Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine in the national immunization program in 2008 to control the JE epidemic. However, Gansu province in Western China experienced the largest JE outbreak since 1958 in 2018.We conducted a retrospective epidemiological study to explore the causes of this outbreak. We found that adults aged ≥20 years (especially those in rural areas) were the main JE cases in Gansu Province, with a significant increase in the JE incidence in older adults aged ≥60 years in 2017 and 2018. In addition, JE outbreaks in Gansu Province were mainly located in the southeastern region, while the temperature and precipitation in Gansu Province were gradually increasing in recent years, which made the JE epidemic areas in Gansu Province gradually spread to the western of Gansu Province. We also found that adults aged ≥20 years in Gansu Province had lower JE antibody positivity than children and infants, and the antibody positivity rate decreased with age. In the summer of 2017 and 2018, the density of mosquitoes (mainly the Culex tritaeniorhynchus) in Gansu Province was significantly higher than in other years, and the genotype of JEV was mainly Genotype-G1.Therefore, in the future JE control in Gansu Province, we need to strengthen JE vaccination for adults. Moreover, strengthening mosquito surveillance can provide early warning of JE outbreaks and the spread of epidemic areas in Gansu Province.At the same time, strengthening JE antibody surveillance is also necessary for JE control.

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Japanese encephalitis in Malaysia: An overview and timeline

Cited by 23 publications

References 61 publications

West Nile Virus Infection in Human and Animals: Potential Risks in Malaysia

West Nile Virus Infection in Human and Animals: Potential Risks in Malaysia

Serological evidence of DENV, JEV, and ZIKV among the indigenous people (Orang Asli) of Peninsular Malaysia

Adults in Northwest China experienced the largest outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in history 10 years after the Japanese encephalitis vaccine was included in the national immunization program: A retrospective epidemiological study

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