Japan's Unequal Trade

Anti‐dumping policy in Japan: From passive to active and self‐disciplined anti‐dumping actions

“…The next reason why Japan liberalised its trade and did not conduct AD investigations was that Japan's trade structure tended to be more inter‐industry trade, and thus, few companies were damaged by imports. Table 4 shows the intra‐industry trade indices for all items in the three‐digit SITC classification by Lincolin (1990) and Hosen et al. (1991).…”

“…(1991). Although Lincolin (1990) and Hosen et al. (1991) use different calculation methods for the IIT index, which results in differences between them, the general trends in Japan's situation are similar regardless of the method used.…”

“…In both studies, it is evident that Japan's values are much lower than those of the other major countries during this period. Furthermore, while other countries' indexes have grown over the years, the indexes in Japan decreased in 1975 (Lincolin, 1990) and 1980 (Hosen et al., 1991). Hosen et al.…”

“… Note : The intra‐industry trade index is defined as {(exports + imports)‐|exports ‐ imports|}/(exports + imports) × 100, where zero indicates no intra‐industry trade at all, and 100 indicates equal amounts of exports and imports. However, Lincolin (1990) and Hosen et al. (1991) use different calculation methods for the IIT index.…”

“…(1991) use different calculation methods for the IIT index. Lincolin's (1990) method calculates an index for multiple trading partners together, while the method by Hosen et al. (1991) calculates an index for each individual trading partner and averages this index weighted by the value of trade with the partner country.…”