Jamestown Canyon Virus: Seroprevalence in Connecticut

Abstract

(bla PER-1 and bla VIM-2 ) had been detected separately among clinical isolates, underscores the possibility of the emergence of new threatening combinations of resistance determinants among nosocomial pathogens. In fact, the recruitment of similar resistance determinants within a single P. aeruginosa strain can determine a resistance phenotype to virtually all the available antipseudomonal beta-lactams, an occurrence that can be particularly dramatic when, as in the present case, resistance to beta-lactams is associated with resistance against aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. In this case, only piperacillin (which appears to be a relatively poor substrate for both enzymes [3,5]) retained moderate activity in vitro and, administered at high dosage in combination with tazobactam, was apparently effective in vivo. Should a similar resistance phenotype disseminate, it might have strategic implications for the development of new betalactamase inhibitors and for selection of beta-lactam compounds to associate wth inhibitors. AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported in part by grant no. FMRX-CT98-0232 from the European Training and Mobility of Researchers Network on metallo-beta-lactamases. Jean-Denis Jamestown Canyon Virus: Seroprevalence in ConnecticutTo the Editor: Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), a member of the California serogroup, has a wide geographic distribution throughout much of temperate North America. It causes mild febrile illness and, rarely, aseptic meningitis or primary encephalitis (1). JCV has been isolated from mosquitoes each year that surveys have been done in Connecticut, and 28 positive pools from 10 mosquito species were found during 2000 (T. Andreadis, pers. commun.). In contrast, only 14 positive mosquito pools were found to contain West Nile virus (WNV), which has recently been introduced into Connecticut (2). JCV has been isolated from Aedes mosquitoes in Connecticut, and serologic evidence suggests it is widespread in deer (3,4). No recent seroprevalence surveys have been done in Connecticut, nor have any human cases of infection or disease due to JCV been documented. We report the results of two seroprevalence surveys done with standard indirect fluorescent assays (IFA) to detect immunoglobulin G antibodies to JCV. One survey examined 1,086 sera collected in 1990 from blood donors. The second survey examined 1,016 sera submitted to the Connecticut State Public Health Laboratory in 1995.The IFA used JCV-infected baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21). Infected and uninfected cell suspensions were air dried and fixed onto Teflon-coated, 12-well slides. Prepared slides were stored at -70°C. Sera were tested at a minimum dilution of 1:16. After incubation and washing of the fluorescein-conjugated counterstain, slides were dried and examined by fluorescent microscope (American Optical, Buffalo, NY). The positive human control serum was designated as the 4+ baseline with which the test sera were compared. Selected sera were tested by a serum dilution plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) a...

Isolations of Jamestown Canyon Virus (Bunyaviridae:Orthobunyavirus) from Field-Collected Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Connecticut, USA: A Ten-Year Analysis, 1997–2006

“…This conclusion is in agreement with an antibody prevalence rate of 21% in white-tailed deer populations (Zamparo et al 1997) and human seroprevalence rates ranging from 3.9% to 10.1% (Mayo et al 2001) in Connecticut. Virus infection in mosquitoes occurs throughout the season, from June through September, and it closely parallels mosquito abundance, with peak infection rates extending from mid-June through mid-July.…”

“…cantator collected from a limited number of sites in the south central, coastal region of the state (Sprance et al 1978, Main et al 1979, Andreadis et al 1994. A seroprevalence rate of 21% was found in an analysis of sera from hunter-killed white-tailed deer collected in the state in 1993 (Zamparo et al 1997), and a corresponding survey of human sera from blood donations made in 1990 and 1995 (Mayo et al 2001) revealed seroprevalence rates ranging from 3.9% to 10.1%. In 2001, the first confirmed human case of JCV infection was diagnosed from a hospitalized teenage patient with illness onset in late August (Nelson et al 2002).…”

Jamestown Canyon Virus Disease in the United States—2000–2013

“…3,34,[37][38][39][40][41] The geographic distribution of our cases was similar, mostly in the northern contiguous United States, but some of our case patients resided in areas where human JCV infections have not previously been documented (e.g., Idaho, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island). Wisconsin reported the most cases during our study period.…”

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] JCV neutralizing antibodies have been found in various mammals throughout mainland North America, 13,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and identified in humans throughout the United States. [1][2][3][4][5]34,[37][38][39][40][41] JCV is a member of the California serogroup viruses, which include La Crosse virus (LACV), California encephalitis virus, and snowshoe hare virus. 42 Although the presence of anti-JCV immunoglobulin (Ig) M detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is usually evidence of a recent JCV infection, it also may indicate infection with another closely related California serogroup virus.…”

North American Encephalitic Arboviruses

“…California encephalitis virus was originally isolated in 1941 [100], and while the group of diseases are named after this virus, it is relatively rare with disease occurrence mainly located in the western United States and Canada. While La Crosse and California encephalitis viruses cause the vast majority of disease in children, Jamestown Canyon virus affects predominantly the elderly in regions of the northern United States with seroprevalence in some areas reaching 10% [101]. …”