“Jacobins” at Princeton: Student Riots, Religious Revivalism, and the Decline of Enlightenment, 1800–1817

Abstract

This essay considers how American Enlightenment moralists and Evangelical religious revivalists responded to “Jacobinism” at the College of New Jersey, which later became Princeton University, from 1800 through 1817. At this time, disruptive student activities exemplified alleged American “Jacobin” conspiracies against civil society. The American response to “Jacobins” brought out tensions between two different competing intellectual currents at the College of New Jersey: a revival of Christian religious principles led by Princeton trustee Reverend Ashbel Green and, in contrast, the expansion of Samuel Stanhope Smith's system of moral education during his tenure as college president from 1795 through 1812. As a moralist, Smith appealed to Scottish Common Sense philosophy in teaching the instinctive “rules of duty” as a way to correct unrestrained “passions” and moderate “Jacobin” radicalism. In doing so, Smith developed a moral quasi-relativism as an original feature of his moral philosophy and contribution to American Enlightenment intellectual culture. Green and like-minded religious revivalists saw Princeton student uprisings as Smith's failure to properly address irreligion. This essay shows the ways in which “Jacobinism” and then the emerging age of religious revivalism, known as the Second Great Awakening, arrived at the cost of Smith's “Didactic Enlightenment” at Princeton.

“This Greater Issue of Light against Darkness”: Sereno Edwards Bishop, Missionary Religion, and the Hawaiian Islands, 1827–1909

“…Alexander and Miller attempted to rediscover and resuscitate orthodoxy for early-nineteenth-century Presbyterianism, which they thought was rapidly slipping away in American society. 28 To this end, Alexander "rejected the New England theological 'innovations'" of the eighteenth century, teaching instead "the older Calvinism of the Westminster Confession of Faith," while of his lectures on creation Miller explained: "I reject the New Haven doctrine that the days of creation were demiurgic, and cannot doubt that they were six natural days." 29 Alexander taught theology and introduced students to Scottish Common Sense Philosophy, seeking to inculcate in them a "moderate" English Enlightenment between Berkeley's materialism and Hume's mitigated scepticism.…”