“…To transform the integral form into the multi-term form (first of the two-step process), two common quadrature rules are often used by researchers: (1) Gauss–Legendre quadrature rule and (2) Newton–Cotes quadrature rule. Based on the Gauss–Legendre quadrature rules [ 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 ], the DO derivative can be approximated using the following multi-term form, where are the weights at the Gauss points chosen for this integration over the DO. Although the Gauss–Legendre quadrature schemes are known to achieve highly accurate results (particularly when dealing with integrands of specific type such as, for example, polynomials), an analysis of the numerical convergence and of the truncation error (including steps 1 and 2) becomes difficult when the integrand consists of fractional derivatives (like , as shown in Equation ( 11 )).…”