Jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) Peel as a Sustainable Source of Anthocyanins and Ellagitannins Delivered by Phospholipid Vesicles for Alleviating Oxidative Stress in Human Keratinocytes

Abstract

The Brazilian berry scientifically known as jabuticaba is a fruit covered by a dark purple peel that is still rich in bioactives, especially polyphenols. Considering that, this work was aimed at obtaining an extract from the peel of jabuticaba fruits, identifying its main components, loading it in phospholipid vesicles specifically tailored for skin delivery and evaluating their biological efficacy. The extract was obtained by pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), which is considered an easy and low dissipative method, and it was rich in polyphenolic compounds, especially flavonoids (ortho-diphenols and condensed tannins), anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside) and gallic acid, which were responsible for the high antioxidant activity detected using different colorimetric methods (DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC and metal chelation). To improve the stability and extract effectiveness, it was incorporated into ultradeformable phospholipid vesicles (transfersomes) that were modified by adding two different polymers (hydroxyethyl cellulose and sodium hyaluronate), thus obtaining HEcellulose-transfersomes and hyaluronan-transfersomes. Transfersomes without polymers were the smallest, as the addition of the polymer led to the formation of larger vesicles that were more stable in storage. The incorporation of the extract in the vesicles promoted their beneficial activities as they were capable, to a greater extent than the solution used as reference, of counteracting the toxic effect of hydrogen peroxide and even of speeding up the healing of a wound performed in a cell monolayer, especially when vesicles were enriched with polymers. Given that, polymer enriched vesicles may represent a good strategy to produce cosmetical and cosmeceutical products with beneficial properties for skin.

Vesicular Nanocarriers for Phytocompounds in Wound Care: Preparation and Characterization

“…The lipophilic PCs intended to be entrapped in vesicles can be dissolved in organic solvents together with phospholipids: Myrciaria jaboticaba [ 30 ] peel extract, Narcissus tazetta [ 84 ] extract, Salvia triloba , and Rosmarinus officinalis [ 102 ] essential oils, Calendula officinalis [ 70 ] extract, cinnamon oil [ 52 ], Citrus limon var. pompia [ 36 ] essential oil, or citral, ammonium glycyrrhizate [ 105 ], quercetin [ 95 ], curcumin [ 59 ], oryzanol [ 99 ], or asiaticoside [ 101 ], or with the surfactant for development of niosomes with Calendula officinalis [ 50 ] extract.…”

“…To measure the broadness of the size distribution and the degree of heterogeneity of particles, a dimensionless parameter is used: the polydispersity index, which has values between 0 and 1 [ 11 , 30 ]. According to the value of this index, the systems can be classified as monodisperse or polydisperse.…”

“…The aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera [ 29 ] was also found to reduce the levels of inflammatory markers in macrophages, including induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, and IL-1β [ 29 ]. Another PC with an anti-inflammatory effect is glycyrrhizin, from Glycyrrhiza glabra [ 30 ] extract, which inhibits inflammatory events, such as edema, apoptosis, iNOS expression, and NF-kB [ 30 ]. A less-studied PC with beneficial effects in wound healing, as an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agent, is usnic acid, extracted from different lichens species [ 31 ].…”

“…Thus, they can be prepared by adding Tween 80 to phospholipid vesicles, leading to the increase of the bilayer fluidity and the ability of the vesicle to squeeze through the inter-corneocyte matrix, and finally increasing the active substance deposition into deeper skin layers. In a recent study, Myrciaria jaboticaba [ 30 ] extract was successfully entrapped into transferosomes designed for the treatment of skin wounds and oxidative stress-related skin disorders [ 30 ].…”

Phytochemical Delivery Through Transferosome (Phytosome): An Advanced Transdermal Drug Delivery for Complementary Medicines

“…A study on the antiarthritic activity of capsaicin-loaded transferosomes in arthritic rats showed better inhibitory activity and the desired therapeutic concentration of the drug at the target site ( Jain et al, 2021 ). Similarly, Ines Castangia and collegues have prepared the transferosome encapsulating Jabuticaba ( Myrciaria jaboticaba ) extract having flavonoids having better wound-healing in human keratinocytes ( Castangia et al, 2021 ). Caffeine transferosomes also showed greater permeation across the stratum corneum of the skin and an increase in permeation of hydrophilic caffeine through hair follicles ( Abd et al, 2016 ).…”