“…The initial fabric norm ( F 0 ) represents the degree of anisotropy and can be quantified based on advanced microscale testing methods, such as scanning electron microscopy, computed tomography (CT), and micro‐CT. F 0 = 0.4 ∼ 0.5 is generally chosen for sand prepared through the dry‐deposited method, and has been often adopted by some constitutive models 25,26,28–30,38,39,43,51 . The parameter m specifies the evolution rate of the fabric, and the other three parameters e A , λ , and k reflect the effect of fabric anisotropy on the dilatancy, strength, and degree of non‐coaxiality, respectively.…”