IXPE and Multiwavelength Observations of Blazar PG 1553+113 Reveal an Orphan Optical Polarization Swing

Middei, R.; Perri, M.; Puccetti, S.; Liodakis, Ioannis; Gesu, Laura Di; Marscher, A. P.; Cavero, Nicole Rodriguez; Tavecchio, F.; Donnarumma, I.; Laurenti, M.; Jorstad, Svetlana G.; Agudo, I.; Marshall, Herman L.; Pacciani, L.; Kim, Dawoon E.; Aceituno, F. J.; Bonnoli, G.; Casanova, V.; González, B. Agís; Sota, A.; Casadio, C.; Escudero, Juan; Myserlis, I.; Sievers, A.; Kouch, Pouya M.; Lindfors, E.; Gurwell, M. A.; Keating, Garrett K.; Rao, Ramprasad; Kang, Sincheol; Lee, Sang-Sung; Kim, Sang-Hyun; Yeon, Cheong, Whee; Jeong, Hyeon-Woo; Angelakis, E.; Kraus, A.; Antonelli, L. A.; Bachetti, Matteo; Baldini, Luca; Baumgartner, W. H.; Bellazzini, R.; Bianchi, S.; Bongiorno, Stephen D.; Bonino, R.; Brez, A.; Bucciantini, N.; Capitanio, Fiamma; Castellano, Simone; Cavazzuti, E.; Chen, Chien-Ting; Ciprini, S.; Costa, E.; Rosa, A. De; Monte, E. Del; Lalla, N. Di; Marco, Alessandro Di; Doroshenko, V.; Dovčiak, Michal; Ehlert, Steven R.; Enoto, T.; Evangelista, Y.; Fabiani, Sergio; Ferrazzoli, Riccardo; Garcia, J. Rodriguez; Gunji, Shuichi; Hayashida, Kentaro; Heyl, Jeremy; Iwakiri, W.; Kaaret, Philip; Karas, V.; Kislat, Fabian; Kitaguchi, Takao; Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J.; Krawczynski, H.; Monaca, Fabio La; Latronico, L.; Maldera, S.; Manfreda, Alberto; Marin, Frédéric; Marinucci, Andrea; Massaro, F.; Matt, Giorgio; Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki; Mizuno, T.; Muleri, Fabio; Negro, Michela; Ng, Chi-Yung; O’Dell, Stephen L.; Omodei, N.; Oppedisano, C.; Papitto, A.; Pavlov, G. G.; Peirson, Abel L.; Pesce-Rollins, M.; Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier; Pilia, M.; Possenti, A.; Poutanen, Juri; Ramsey, Brian D.; Rankin, John; Ratheesh, Ajay; Roberts, O. J.; Romani, Roger W.; Sgrò, C.; Slane, Patrick; Soffitta, P.; Spandre, G.; Swartz, Douglas A.; Tamagawa, Toru; Taverna, Roberto; Tawara, Yuzuru; Tennant, Allyn F.; Thomas, Nicholas E.; Tombesi, Francesco; Trois, A.; Tsygankov, Sergey S.; Turolla, R.; Vink, Jacco; Weisskopf, Martin C.; Wu, Kinwah; Xie, Fei; Zane, S.

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acec3e

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…This has been interpreted as evidence for an energy-stratified electron population dominating the observed radiative output of the jet (Di Gesu et al 2022a;Liodakis et al 2022). Similar results have been obtained with analogs of those objects at higher redshift (PG 1553+113, z ∼ 0.4; 1ES 0229 +200, z = 0.140; Middei et al 2023b;Ehlert et al 2023).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Detection of X-Ray Polarization from the Blazar 1ES 1959+650 with the Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer

Errando,

Liodakis,

Marscher

et al. 2024

ApJ

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Observations of linear polarization in the 2–8 keV energy range with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) explore the magnetic field geometry and dynamics of the regions generating nonthermal radiation in relativistic jets of blazars. These jets, particularly in blazars whose spectral energy distribution peaks at X-ray energies, emit X-rays via synchrotron radiation from high-energy particles within the jet. IXPE observations of the X-ray-selected BL Lac–type blazar 1ES 1959+650 on 2022 May 3–4 showed a significant linear polarization degree of Πx = 8.0% ± 2.3% at an electric-vector position angle ψ x = 123° ± 8°. However, on 2022 June 9–12, only an upper limit of Πx ≤ 5.1% could be derived (at the 99% confidence level). The degree of optical polarization at that time, ΠO ∼ 5%, is comparable to the X-ray measurement. We investigate possible scenarios for these findings, including temporal and geometrical depolarization effects. Unlike some other X-ray-selected BL Lac objects, there is no significant chromatic dependence of the measured polarization in 1ES 1959+650, and its low X-ray polarization may be attributed to turbulence in the jet flow with dynamical timescales shorter than 1 day.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Detection of X-Ray Polarization from the Blazar 1ES 1959+650 with the Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer

Errando,

Liodakis,

Marscher

et al. 2024

ApJ

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“…4. Middei et al (2023a) reveal an orphan optical polarization swing of PG 1553+113 during the IXPE observation. IXPE performed the observations of PG 1553+113 on 2023 February 1-2 and 2023 February 7-8.…”

Section: Discussion Based On the Ixpe Observationsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Recently, the IXPE, combined with other telescopes, performed multiwavelength observations of the blazars Mrk 501, Mrk 421, and PG 1553+113. The blazars Mrk 501, Mrk 421, and PG 1553 +113 are classified as high-synchrotron-peaked BL Lacertae objects (ν peak > 10 15 Hz, Di Gesu et al 2022;Liodakis et al 2022;Middei et al 2023a), of which the X-ray emission is dominated by the synchrotron radiation of the electrons. The IXPE observations may reveal that the particle acceleration in shocks may operate in the blazar jet (Di Gesu et al 2022;Liodakis et al 2022).…”

Section: Discussion Based On the Ixpe Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the Polarization of the Emission of the Internal Shock in the Jet of Blazars

Zhang,

Lin,

Liu

et al. 2024

ApJ

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Recent Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) observations of blazars tend to support the shock model for the X-ray emission, but report a low degree of polarization (Π ∼ 10%) in X-rays compared with the previous theoretical expectations in the shock model. In order to reconcile the theoretical expectations with observations, we revisit the polarization of the shock emission by considering different types of directions in the distribution of the shock-generated magnetic fields (sgMFs). Here,

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“…A clear rotation of the X-ray polarization angle was presented. Recently, a smooth orphan optical polarization rotation was observed during IXPE observation in the HBL PG 1553+113 (Middei et al 2023), which was attributed to turbulence based on simulation results from the turbulent extreme multizone and particle-in-cell models (Marscher et al 2017;Marscher & Jorstad 2021;Zhang et al 2023). The rotation of the X-ray polarization angle in 1ES 1959+650 was accompanied by variations in flux, spectra, and polarization degree.…”

Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Due to the high flux and violent variability in the X-ray band, blazars, particularly HBLs, are the main targets of the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). Up to now, IXPE has observed approximately 10 blazars, among which 3 HBLs (Mrk 501, Mrk 421, and PG 1553+113) show significant linear polarization in X-rays with polarization degrees > ∼10% (Di Gesu et al 2022;Liodakis et al 2022;Middei et al 2023). However, none of the three LSP FSRQs (3C 273, 3C 279, and 3C 454.3), along with one IBL S5 0716+714, demonstrate X-ray polarization at a significance level of 3σ (Marshall et al 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-Ray Polarization Variability of High Spectral Peak BL Lacertaes: Cases of 1ES 1959+650 and PKS 2155–304

Hu,

Yu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

ApJL

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The high-energy-peaked BL Lacertae objects (HBLs) are the main targets of the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) for investigating the mechanisms of radiation and particle acceleration in jets. In this Letter, we report the first IXPE observations of two HBLs, 1ES 1959+650 and PKS 2155–304. Both sources exhibit X-ray polarization with a confidence level exceeding 99%, as well as significant variability in polarization across different time intervals and energy ranges. Notably, PKS 2155–304 demonstrates the highest X-ray polarization among all blazars detected by IXPE within its entire energy band (2–8 keV), with a polarization degree of ΠX = 21.9% ± 1.9% (MDP99 ∼ 6.0%). An even higher polarization is observed in the 3–4 keV band, reaching ΠX = 28.6% ± 2.7% (MDP99 ∼ 8.1%) with a confidence level of 10.8σ. Furthermore, no polarization is detected above the 5 keV energy band. For 1ES 1959+650, the highest detected polarization degree in the 2–8 keV band is ΠX = 12.4% ± 0.7% (MDP99 ∼ 2.2%), with an electric vector position angle (EVPA) of ψ X = 19.°7 ± 1.°6. The X-ray polarization of 1ES 1959+650 exhibits evident variability, accompanied by the variations of ψ X, flux, spectrum, and energy bin. We discuss possible implications of these observational findings, including the variability in polarization, rotation of EVPA, and transition between synchrotron and synchrotron–self-Compton. We speculate that the X-rays observed during different IXPE observations originate from distinct regions in the jet and may involve diverse mechanisms for particle acceleration.

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IXPE and Multiwavelength Observations of Blazar PG 1553+113 Reveal an Orphan Optical Polarization Swing

Cited by 23 publications

References 90 publications

Detection of X-Ray Polarization from the Blazar 1ES 1959+650 with the Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer

Detection of X-Ray Polarization from the Blazar 1ES 1959+650 with the Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer

Revisiting the Polarization of the Emission of the Internal Shock in the Jet of Blazars

X-Ray Polarization Variability of High Spectral Peak BL Lacertaes: Cases of 1ES 1959+650 and PKS 2155–304

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