Ixodes ricinus abundance and its infection with the tick-borne pathogens in urban and suburban areas of Eastern Slovakia

Abstract

BackgroundRaising abundance of ticks and tick-borne diseases in Europe is the result of multiple factors including climate changes and human activities. Herein, we investigated the presence and seasonal activity of Ixodes ricinus ticks from 10 urban and suburban sites in two different geographical areas of southeastern and northeastern Slovakia during 2008–2010. Our aim was to study the abundance of ticks in correlation with the environmental factors and their infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Neoehrlichia mikurensis.MethodsQuesting I. ricinus ticks were collected from ten urban and suburban sites in Eastern Slovakia. A total of 670 ticks were further analysed for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l., A. phagocytophilum and N. mikurensis by molecular methods. Tick site and environmental relations were analysed using General Linear Models (LM). The differences between the number of Lyme borreliosis cases between the Košice and Bardejov regions during a ten-year period were tested by Wilcoxon matched pairs test.ResultsIn total, 2921 (1913 nymphs, 1008 adults) I. ricinus ticks were collected from 10 study sites during the main questing season. Tick activity and relative abundance differed between locations and months. Temperature and humidity were the main factors affecting the tick abundance and questing activity. Out of 670 examined ticks, 10.15% were infected with spirochetes from B. burgdorferi s.l. complex (represented by B. afzelii, B. garinii, B.valaisiana and B. burgdorferi s.s.), 2.69% with the A. phagocytophilum and 2.39% with N. mikurensis. The number of Lyme borreliosis cases per 100,000 inhabitants in the Bardejov region was significantly higher than in the Košice region.ConclusionsOur data indicate that the risk of infection with tick-borne pathogens in Eastern Slovakia is common since 15.2% of ticks were infected at least with one of the tested microorganisms. Even though the abundance of ticks was affected by the microclimatic conditions and the prevalence of pathogens differed between the habitats, the infection risk for humans is also affected by human activities leading to an increased contact with infected ticks.

Identification of Borrelia burgdorferi genospecies isolated from Ixodes ricinus ticks in the South Moravian region of the Czech Republic

“…Danielová et al [36] described a high frequency of Bbss that exceeded the reported occurrence of this genospecies in the Czech Republic. In other areas close to the Czech Republic, Borrelia burgdorferi s. s. was also observed in various frequencies: Slovakia [37], Poland [38], Austria [39], and Germany [40]. This may support the idea that B. burgdorferi s. l. genospecies are distributed locally, depending on climate, vectors, environment, etc.…”

Recent study on canine vector-borne zoonoses in southern Slovakia – serologic survey

“…Furthermore, a positive antibody test is not always an equivalent to the existence of the pathogen in the canine population of a particular geographic region; it is only evidence of prior exposure to the corresponding pathogen at some point and some location in the dog's history. Anyway, Bbsl seropositivity of 6.3% found in dogs from south-eastern Slovakia correlates with infection rate of (Pangrácová et al 2013). The incidence of human LB cases in Košice region during the last 5 years moves within the range of 6 to 12/100,000 (EPIS, www.epis.sk).…”

“…On the other hand, only one of 137 dogs suspected or having non-specific febrile disease was CAG positive (Víchová et al 2014a). The screenings of I. ricinus ticks revealed the overall prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in eastern Slovakia between 1.4% and more than 5.5% (Pangrácová et al 2013;Víchová et al 2014a); in northern part of the country 7.8% of collected ticks were infected (Derdáková et al 2011).…”

Infections with the tick-borne bacterium Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis

“…It has been detected in Mongolia [12], China [6,12,13], Japan [1,14], Russia [4,5,15,16], the Czech Republic [9,17,18], Slovakia [19][20][21], Moldova [22], Hungary [23][24][25], Austria [18,26], Germany [11,[27][28][29][30][31][32], Switzerland [33][34][35][36][37], Poland [38,39], Romania [40], France [28,41,42], Belgium [43], Italy [44][45][46], Spain [47], The Netherlands [3,42,43,48], and the Scandinavian countries [2,…”